-
阅读理解的基本方法技巧
1
快速阅读的基本方法技巧
从考试角度考虑，
阅读理解的关键要抓两点：
一是答题迅速，
二是准确无误
。因此阅读
考试需要解决的一个根本问题就是如何在有限的时间内高效率地完成阅读题。
换言之，
怎样
才能做的又好又快
——
这就少不了快速阅读的方法技巧。常见的快读方法有计时阅读
（
Timed Reading
）
、
略读
（
Skimming
）<
/p>
、
寻读
（
Sca
nning
）
、
意群阅读
(Sense Group Reading)
等。
我们在此向大家一一介绍这些方法技巧。
A.
意群快速阅读
所谓
“
意群
”
也即是有意义的语法结构（英语称作
sense groups
）
，通常为词组、短语。顾
名思义，
< br>“
意群阅读法
”
也就是按词组、
短语在文中的组合意义整体阅读，而不是单个的词汇
阅读。
我们
知道，词是语句的基本组成单位，
意群是语句的基本构成单元。
单个词
并无多大
意义，只有
组合起来<
/p>
，在上下文关系中形成特殊的意群，才
能获得特殊的、确定的意义
。
由此可见，
意群阅读是提高阅读效率、把握文章整体的关键。
因此，我们在阅读文章的
时候，
目光不应当停留在每个单词上，而应当放在中心词上，
把目光集中在意群的中心，从
一个意群中心词到另一个意群中心词，这样的意
群整体扫描是提高阅读速度的行之有效之
法。
汉语常常用
“
一目十行
”
来形容某人读书速度快。
英语的阅读训练有素者同样能达到这一
境界。但对于一般的普通读者来说，能做到
“
一目数词
”
也相当不错了。慢不一定就准，阅读
速度慢的人的阅读模式类似小学低年级学生读课本，
看一个字读一个字，
然后再想这个字的
意思。这样的阅读方法
目
光再快也跟不上
AAA
测试的速度
。因
此，要提高阅读速度，就得
根除逐字阅读的坏习惯。
而按意群阅
读，
既能提高目光的效率，又有利于整体思维，连词成
句。
下面读者不妨自己做这样一个比较，
先按
逐字阅读的习惯方法阅读以下段落，
看看要用
多少时间。
Many small cultural groups
live in places far away from modern cities. Some
of these tribes
have
never
had
any
communication
outside
of
their
small
geographical
areas.
When
they
do
contact the outside world, their lives
usually change. Learning how to change without
losing the
best
of
their
own
cultures
is
a
problem
for
them.
How
can
primitive
cultures
learn
to
live
in
a
technological
world
？
How can they do this
without becoming lost
？
（
75
词）
然后再用意群阅读法阅读下面同一段落，
看看共花多少时间。<
/p>
为了便于阅读，
我们用分
隔号
“
／
”
把句中的一个个意
群隔开。
Many small cultural
groups
／
live in
places
／
far away from modern
cities.
／
Some of these
tribes
have
never
had
／
any
communication
／
outside
of
their
small
geographical
areas.
／
When
they
do
contact
／
the
outside
world,
／
their
lives
usually
change.
／
Learning
how
to
change
／
without
losing
the
best
／
of
their
own
cultures
／
is
a
problem
for
them.
／
How
can
primitive
cultures
／
learn to
live
／
in
a
technological world
？／
How can
they do this
／
without
becoming
lost
？（
18
个意群）
Most of the people
／
who appear most often and
most gloriously
／
in the history books
／
are great conquerors and
generals, whereas the people
／
who really helped
civilization forward
are often never
mentioned at all.
／
We do not
know
／
who first set a broken
leg,
／
or launched
a seagoing boat,
／
or calculated
the length of the yea
r?
／
but we know all about
／
the killers
and
destroyers.
／
People
think
a
great
deal
of
them,
／
so
much
so
that
／
on
all
the
highest
pillars in the great cities of the
world
／
you will find
／
the figure of a conqueror
or a general.
（
114
词）
显而易见，
采用
“
意群阅读法
”
能一眼同时看到三
个词或五个词，
甚至更多的词。这样就
大大节省了阅读的时间，
起到事半功倍的作用。
B.
略读
略读又称浏览或掠读，
就是迅速地阅读，
以求抓住文章的梗概。
略读的目的是为获得大
意或者总体印象而进行阅读。
略读作为一种快速阅读技巧对我们来说并不陌生。
这就像我们
看报纸时，
几版、十几版的页面不可能一字不漏地往下看，只能用最快的速度
找出主题，略
掉一些无关紧要的细节或与主题不甚相干的部分，
知道其中的大概内容即可。
这种方法要求
我们不要把眼睛盯在具
体的每个单词上，而是要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构着
手，利用自己的推理能
力，对文章的信息进行分析，从而归纳总结出主题。
善于略读的人会
有选择地阅读，
跳过一些无关的句子、段落甚至是整页的内容，只看自己感兴趣的东
西。训
练有素的略读者的阅读速度可以达到每分钟
1000
个词以上。略读的关键在于一个
“
略
”
字，
注意力应该集中在大意，而不是细节上
。试以下文为例：
Three passions,
simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my
life:
the longing for
love, the search for knowledge, and
unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.
These passions,
like great winds, have
blown me here and there.
I have sought
love, first because it brings ecstasy so great
that I would often have sacrificed
all
the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I
have sought it, next, because it relieves
loneliness
that terrible loneliness in
which one shivering consciousness looks over the
rim of the world into
the cold
unfathomable lifeless abyss I have sought it,
finally, because in the union of love I have
seen, in a mystic miniature, the vision
of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.
This is
what I sought, and though it
might seem too good for human life, this is what
at last I have found.
With equal
passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to
understand the hearts of men.
I have
wished to know why the stars shine. And I have
tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power
by which number holds sway above the
flux.
Love
and
knowledge,
so
far
as
they
were
possible,
led
upward
toward
the
heavens.
But
always pity brought me back to earth.
Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart.
Children
in famine, victims tortured by
oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to
their sons, and the
whole world of
loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of
what human life should be. I long
to
alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too
suffer.
This
has
been
my
life,
I
have
found
it
worth
living,
and
would
gladly
live
it
again
if
the
chance
were offered me.
使用略读法，我们的目光只去捕捉以下关键的字眼：
第一段：
Three passions,..., have
governed my life
: (l)the longing for
love, (2)the search for
knowledge, (3)
unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind;
第二段：
I have sought love
because (l) it brings ecstasy
… ? (2) it
relieves loneliness…? (3) I
have
seen….the vision of the heaven?
第三段：
With equal passion
I have sought knowledge. I have wished
to (l) understand
…? (2)
to know why the stars shine….
And I
have tried to
apprehend ….
第四段：
Love and knowledge…led
upward toward the heavens.
But always
pity brought me
back to earth.
…
I long to alleviate the evil, but I
cannot, and I too suffer.
第五段：
This has been my life,
…and would gladly live it again.
这样一来，
大大减轻了阅读的负担，
一篇近
300
词的文章，
阅读其中的
< br>100
个词就能概
括全部的内容。略读归纳起来也就两句
话：
抓主谓结构，看前后衔接
。
C.
寻读
所谓
“
寻读
”
，就是通过目光扫视，以最快的速度从一篇文章中披沙拣金，迅速寻找出你
所期望得到的某一具体情况、数据等。以日常生活为例。
假如你要买一台价格
适中、性能良
好的计算机，你可浏览有关计算机广告。各种广告林林总总，品牌不同、功
能各异、价格不
等。你便可先从价格上考虑，通过寻读，找出几个你准备买的型号，然后
从性能、信誉上进
行比较，最选中你想买的那一台。同理，
寻读
法也常见于阅读考试的细节题中。这种方法的
特点是有的放矢，为我所用。譬如根据提问
查找某一人名、地名，
某一件事发生的年月或其
他类似的情况。
阅读理解的细节题寻读技巧利要是用得当，
往往会省时省事，<
/p>
答案迅速而准
确。
1)
细读首段，理解大意
快读
2)
看六选项，熟悉内容
略读
3)
先易后难，尝试掂量
寻读
4)
前后参照，敲定答案
细读
2
如何识别信号词
A.
什么是信号词
所谓
< br>“
信号词
”(Signal Words)
是指一些在阅读中起着信号提示的词语。这些词语预示着
将要读到的内容与
上下文存在什么样的关系，
或具有什么样的逻辑意思。
因为我们
知道，
文
章的句子不是无序地排列，而是按照一定关系，有目的
、
有规律地组织起来的。注意信号词
能使我们了解作者的思路，
理顺该句与上下文之间的逻辑关系，
从而提高阅读理解的效率和
准确率。请看下面这一段落：
In
that
mill,
I
learned
the
process
of
making
paper.
First
,
the
logs
are
put
in
the
shredder.
Then
,
they
are
cut
into
small
chips
and
mixed
with
water
and
acid.
Next
,
they
are
heated
and
crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned.
It is also chemically bleached to whiten it.
After this
, it is
passed through rollers to flatten it.
Then
, sheets of wet paper
are produced.
Finally
, the
water is
removed from the sheets which
are pressed, dried and refined
until
the finished paper is
produced.
作者通过表示先后顺序的信号词
first, then,
next, after this, then
和
finally,
有条不紊地描<
/p>
述出造纸工艺的整个过程。
B.
信号词的类别
信号词可以归纳为下面几种：
l
）表示递进的信号词：
after
all,
also,
again,
and
then,
as
well
as,
further
more,
additionally,
in
addition,
in
other
words, moreover, to
repeat
等；
2
）预示有相同或类似内容的信号词：
and, also, moreover, further, likewise,
in addition, besides, similarly, as well as, the
same as
等；
3
）预示有不同或相反内容出现的信号词：
but,
however,
while,
whereas,
on
the
other
hand,
on
the
contrary,
as
apposed
to,
to
the
opposite,
otherwise
等；
4
）表示因果关系的信号词：
as, for, since, because, as a result,
consequently, thus, so, therefore, for this
reason, so that,
thereby
等；
5
）表示条件性的信号词：
if, in case, assuming that, on
condition that, on the supposition that, provided
that
等；
6)
表示总结性内容的信号词：
in short, in a word, in brief, briefly,
in conclusion, as a result, in sum, to sum up, by
and large,
to
conclude
等；
7)
表示先后关系顺序的信号词：
before, after, another, first, next,
then, last, finally, afterwards, later on, since
then, eventually,
in the end, at
last
等；
8)
表示解释、举例说明关系的信号词：
for example, for instance, such as, to
illustrate, evidently, obviously, in other words,
that is to
say, the same
as
等；
9)
表示目的的信号词：
in
order to, in order that, so that, so as to, for
the purpose that
等。
要是我们能把握住其中的黑体字信号词，那么将有助于全文的理解，提高做题的效率。
3
如何猜测不认识的词语
在阅读文章的过程中，
考生面临最大的问题是遇到不认识的单词或短语，<
/p>
或者认识的单
词在文章中有了新的含义。
如果这些词或短语不影响对文章主要内容的理解，
考生便可以将
它们略过，
不中断阅读。
如果这些词语的意思对正确理解文章很
重要，
就必须根据上下文的
联系，
根据
构词法或其他方法对它们的意义进行猜测，
使之不影响对整篇文章的理解。
猜测
词义通常可采用以下几种方法。
A.
利用上下文确定词义
通过上下文来猜
测词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一，
联系上下文可以帮助我们
< br>理解句子，确定词义。下面我们通过一些实例来简要说明如何通过上下文来确定词义。
例
1
：
He
is successful as a businessman because of his
dynamic
personality. He
seems to have
unlimited energy.
对于
dynamic
一词大家可能不熟悉，下文的
He seems to have unlimited energy
< br>（他似乎
有用不完的劲）就是对
dynamic
词义的解释。这样，我们便知道该词意为
“<
/p>
有干劲的
”
。
例
2
：
A first-year college or university
student is common
ly a 'freshman', and
?
sophomore?,
'junior? and
'senior
' designate the second
—
third
—
and
fourth
—
year student.
要是对
sophomore,
junior
和
senior
几个术语不熟悉，通过后面的对应解释词语
the
< br>second
—
third
—<
/p>
and fourth
—
year st
udent
我们便不难知道它们分别是指二、
三、
四年级的大学
生。
例
3
：
The
tired soldiers
trudged
through knee-deep mud for hours before they found
a dry
place to sleep.
通过后面的
through knee-deep mud
（没膝深的泥浆）
，
我们知道
trudged
一词的意思为与
行走这一动作有关，
在泥浆中行走，也就是
“
跋涉
”
。
下面我们联系上下文，试确定以下各句中斜体字的含义。
1.
The woman and the
children were skilful in boats too, but there were
usually several of
them in a large boat
called
umiak
.
2.
The doctor said that if a person ate
even one leaf of the
hemlock
plant, he would die,
because the plant
is a deadly poison.
3.
Although dogs and cats often have large
families, rabbits are famous for the size of their
litters
, which sometimes
number more than twelve bunnies at one time.
4.
Mark became
hysterical
when his
basketball team won, and he did not calm down for
several days.
5.
With mud from head to toe, flowers
still clutched in his hand, John looked so
ludicrous
that we
couldn?t help laughing.
6.
A bee collects
nectar
not in its own stomach but in a kind of
shopping bag (called the
honey
sac
) similar to the one ants have.
7.
Several
generations
ago,
the
world
seemed
to
run
in
an
orderly
way.
Now,
however,
everything is in a state of
turmoil
.
8.
After the first time someone tried to
rob him, the banker became
flustered
easily, and in
his confusion he would make many
careless errors.
9.
Jane was
intrigued
by the behavior of
animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird
making a nest or an ant carrying a
leaf.
10.
Some chimps are
very independent and appear to be the superior
members of a group;
others seem to be
ruled by the leaders and are quite
submissive
.
通过上串下联，我们不难确定上述各句中斜体字的含义如下：
1.
umiak n.
一种大船
2.
hemlock n.
一种有毒植物（毒芹）
3.
litter n.
一窝
bunnies
小兔子
4.
hysterical
a.
歇斯底里，异常兴奋
5.
ludicrous
a..
滑稽可笑的
6.
nectar n.
花蜜
honey sac
蜜胃
7.
turmoil
n.
混乱
8.
flustered a.
慌乱的
9.
intrigued
a.
感兴趣
10.
submissive a.
顺从的
B.
利用构词法确定词义
掌握英语构词法
，是提高阅读速度的技巧之一。在很多情况下，通过构词分析，便能理
解不认识生词的含
义，不至于中断阅读。
因此，考生应当有效地利用自己所熟悉的词缀
（包
括前缀和后缀）和词根，通过构词法来是确定生词的含义。
例
1
：
Many cancers have been arrested with the use of
chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy
是
由
chemo
（意为
chemical
）和
therapy (
意为
treatment
）
，整个单词意思
就是
“
化学疗法
”
。
例
2
：
They
overestimate
the
interviewee?s ability and aske
d him
many difficult questions.
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