-
2007
年
Text 1
If
you
were
to
examine
the
birth
certificates
of
every
soccer
player
in
2006’s
World Cup tournament, you would most
likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer
players are more likely to have been
born in the earlier months of the year than in the
later months. If you then examined the
European national youth teams that feed the
World
Cup
and
professional
ranks,
you
would
find
this
strange
phenomenon
to
be
even more pronounced.
如果你打算调查一下
2006
年世界杯锦标赛上所有
足球运动员的出生证明，
那么你很有可能发现一个值得注意的怪现象：
< br>优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年
的前几个月而不是后几个月。
< br>如果你再调查一下那些为世界杯和各大职业联赛提
供球员的欧洲国家青年队，你会
发现这一奇怪的现象更为明显。
What
might
account
for
this
strange
phenomenon?
Here
are
a
few
guesses:
a)
certain astrological signs confer
superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend
to
have higher oxygen capacity, which
increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents
are more likely to conceive children in
springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;
d) none of the above.
什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：
a
）某种星象学的征兆
使人具备更高的足球技能；
b
）冬季出生的婴儿往往有较高的血氧含量，这增加
了踢足球所需要的耐力；
c
）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎
盛时期）怀孕；
d
）以上各项都不对。
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old
psychology professor at Florida State University,
says he believes strongly in ―none of
the above.‖ Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and
studied
nuclear
engineering
until
he
realized
he
would
have
more
opportunity
to
conduct his own research if he switched
to psychology. His first experiment, nearly
30 years ago, involved memory: training
a person to hear and then repeat a random
series of numbers. ―With the first
subject, after about 20 hours of
tra
ining, his digit
span had
risen from 7 to 20,‖ Ericsson recalls. ―He kept
improving, and after about
200 hours of
training he had risen to over 80
numbers.‖
58
岁的安德斯
?
埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他说，<
/p>
他坚信
―
以上各项都不对
‖
这一猜测。
在瑞典长大的埃里克森，
早先从事核工程学
的研究，
直到后来他认识到如果自己
转向心理学领域，
就会有更多机会从事自己
的研究。他的首次试
验是大约
30
年以前进行的一个与记忆有关的试验：训练一
个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，
然后复述这些数字。
―
在经过大约
20
小时的训练
之后，
第一个试验对象复述的数字跨度从
7
个上升到
20
个，
‖
埃里克森回忆说。
―
该试
验对象不断进步，在接受大约
200
个小时的训练后，他复述的
数字已经达
到
80
多个。
‖
This
success,
coupled
with
later
research
showing
that
memory
itself
is
not
genetically determined, led Ericsson to
conclude that the act of memorizing is more of
a cognitive exercise than an intuitive
one. In other words, whatever inborn differences
two people may exhibit in their
abilities to memorize, those differences are
swamped
by how well each
person ―encodes‖ the information. And
the best way to learn how to
encode
information
meaningfully,
Ericsson
determined,
was
a
process
known
as
deliberate
practice.
Deliberate
practice
entails
more
than
simply
repeating
a
task.
Rather,
it
involves
setting
specific
goals,
obtaining
immediate
feedback
and
concentrating as much on
technique as on outcome.
这一试
验的成功，
连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，
使得
埃里
克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能行为。换句话说，
无论两个人天生的记忆力能力存在怎样的差异，
这些差异都会被个人
如何恰当地
对信息进行
―
编码
‖
的能力消除。
埃里克森确信，
了解如何有目的地解读信息的最
佳方法就是众所周知的刻意练习过程。
刻意练习需要的
不仅仅
是简单地重复一个
任务。
更确切地说，
它包括确定明确的目标、
获得即时的反馈以及对技巧和结果
的同样重视。
Ericsson and his colleagues have
thus taken to studying expert performers in a
wide range of pursuits, including
soccer. They gather all the data they can, not
just
performance
statistics
and
biographical
details
but
also
the
results
of
their
own
laboratory
experiments
with
high
achievers.
Their
work
makes
a
rather
startling
assertion: the trait we commonly call
talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way,
expert
performers ---
whether
in
memory
or
surgery,
ballet
or
computer
programming --- are
nearly always made, not born.
因此，
埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的各种不同领域中杰
出表现者。
他们收集了一切可能得到的资料，
不
仅包括统计数据和传记详细资料，
还包括他们对成功人士进行的实验室实验结果。
他们的研究得出了令人惊讶的结
论
——
我们通常称为天分的作用被高估了。
或者换句话说，
< br>杰出表现者
------
无论
是
在记忆方面还是外科手术方面，
无论是跳芭蕾还是搞计算机编程
------
几乎总是
后天练就的，而不是与生俱来的。
21
．
The birthday
phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned
to__________.
[AI stress the
importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in
the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic
of what makes expert performance.
[D]
explain why some soccer teams play better than
others.
文中提到足球运动员中的出生现象是用来
__
________.
[A]
强调职业训练的重要性
[B]
聚焦世界杯上的足球巨星
[C]
引出什么决定了杰出表现这个话题
[D]
解释为什么一些足球队比其他足球队表现好
22.
The
word
“mania”
(Line
4,
Paragraph
2)
most
probably
means__________.
[A] fun. [B]
craze.
[C] hysteria.
[D] excitement.
“mania”（第二段第四行）最有可能的意思是
__________.
[A]
嬉笑
[B]
狂热
[C]
歇斯底里
[D]
兴奋
23.
According to Ericsson, good memory__________.
[A] depends on meaningful processing of
information.
[B] results from intuitive
rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is
determined by genetic rather than psychological
factors.
[D] requires immediate
feedback and a high degree of concentration.
在
Ericsson
看来，好的记忆
__________.
[A]
取决于对信息的有意义的处理
[B]
取决于天生能力还不是认知练习
[C]
由基因而不是心理因素决定
[D]
要求即刻的反馈和注意力高度集中
24.
Ericsson and his
colleagues believe that__________.
[A]
talent is a dominating factor for professional
success.
[B] biographical data provide
the key to excellent performance.
[C]
the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
[D] high achievers owe their success
mostly to nurture.
Ericsson
和
他的同事相信
__________.
[A]
天生的才能对于职业的成功是一项主要的因素
[B]
传记数据提供了优秀表现的关键因素
[C]
天生才能的角色通常被忽略
[D]
取得突出成就的人大多数由于后天塑造取得成功
25.
Which of the following
proverbs is closest to the message the text
tries to convey?
[A] “Faith
will move mountains.”
[B]
“One reaps what one sows.”
[C] “Practice makes
perfect.”
[D] “Like
father, like son.”
下面的那一句谚语与文章所传递的信息最接近？
[A]
精诚所至，金石为开
[B]
善有善报，恶有恶报
[C]
熟能生巧
[D]
有其父必有其子
B
选项的翻译说明：
you reap what you sow
不同的老师有
不同的翻译，有的翻译“一分耕耘一分
收获”，有的翻译为“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”，其
实都和牛津和朗文的字典解
释有出入：
一、朗文当代英语词典的解释为：
used
to
say
that
if
you
do
bad
things,
bad
things
will
happen
to
you,
and
if you do good things, good things
will happen to you
二、牛津高阶英语词典的解释为：
you reap what you sow (saying) you have
to deal with the bad effects or
results
of sth that you originally started
所以，<
/p>
本人翻译为善有善报，
恶有恶报。
另外，
个人觉得“种瓜得瓜，
种豆得豆”
在汉
英词典中的解释应该翻译为：
Plant
melons
and
you
get
melons,
sow
beans
and you get beans.
而不应该翻译为：
We reap what we
sow.
或
As a man
sows,so he shall reap.
2007
年
Text 2
For the past several years, the Sunday
newspaper supplement Parade has featured
a column called ―Ask Marilyn.‖ People
are invited to
query Marilyn vos
Savant, who
at age 10 had tested at a
mental level of someone about 23 years old; that
gave her an
IQ of 228
——
the highest score ever
recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal
and visual analogies, to envision paper
after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce
numerical
sequences,
among
other
similar
tasks.
So
it
is
a
bit
confusing
when
vos
Savant
fields
such
queries
from
the
average
Joe
(whose
IQ
is
100)
as,
What’s
the
difference between love
and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and
coincidence?
It’s
not
obvious
how
the
capacity
to
visualize
objects
and
to
figure
out
numerical
patterns
suits
one
to
answer
questions
that
have
eluded
some
of
the
best
poets
and
philosophers.
近几年
来，《星期日报》的增刊《漫步》开设了一个名为
―
询问
Marilyn‖
的
专栏，
< br>邀请人们向
Marilyn vos
Savant
提问。
Marilyn vos Savant<
/p>
在
10
岁时测定的
智力水平达到普通人
23
岁时的水平，这使得她的智商高达<
/p>
228
——
是有记录的
< br>智商测试最高水平。
智商测试要求你完成一些文字和图像的类比分析，
要求你在
纸张被折叠和剪切后想象它的形状，
要求
你推论数字的顺序，
还有其他类似的项
目。所以，当
vos Savant
被普通人
Joe
（智商为
100
）问及像
―
爱与喜欢之间的区
别是什么？
‖
或者
―
运气与巧合的本质特征是什么？
‖
这样的问题时，人们感到有
点困惑。
一个人具备物体空间想象力和计算数字模式的能力，
不见得就能够回
答
连一些最优秀的诗人和哲学家都无法理解的问题。
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more
than a score on a test. Just what does it
mean to be smart? How much of
intelligence can be specified, and how much can we
learn about it from neurology,
genetics, computer science and other
fields?
毫无疑问，
智力包含
的不仅仅是一次测试所得的分数。
而聪明究竟意味着什
么？智力
中有多少能够说明白？我们能够从神经学、
遗传学、
计算机科学
以及其
他领域对智力的了解又有多少？
The defining term of intelligence in
humans still seems to be the IQ score, even
though IQ tests are not given as often
as they used to be. The test comes primarily in
two forms: the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence
Scales
(both come in adult and
children’s version). Generally costing several
hundred dollars,
they
are
usually
given
only
by
psychologists,
although
variations
of
them
populate
bookstores
and
the
World
Wide
Web.
Superhigh
scores
like
vos
Savant’s
are
no
longer possible, because scoring is now
based on a statistical population distribution
among age peers, rather than simply
dividing the mental age by the chronological age
and multiplying by 100. Other
standardized tests, such as the Scholastic
Assessment
Test
(SAT)
and
the
Graduate
Record
Exam
(GRE),
capture
the
main
aspects
of
IQ
tests.
人类有关智力的定义性
术语似乎仍然是智商分数，
即使人们并不像以前那样
经常进行智
商测试。智商测试主要有为两种形式：
Stanford-Binet
< br>智力量表和
Wechsler
智力量表
< br>（两种都包含成人和儿童两个版本）
。
尽管这两种测试的
各种
变种在书店和互联网上都可以找到，
但是一般情况下智力测
验通常由心理学家来
操作，费用为几百美元。像
vos Sav
ant
那样的超高分现在再也不可能了，因为现
在的分数依据的
是相同年龄者的统计人口分布，
而不是简单地把智力年龄除以实
际年龄再乘以
100
。其他一些标准化测试，比如学术水平测试
考试（
SAT
）以及
研究生入学考试（
GRE
），也包含了智商测试的主要内容。
Such standardized tests
may not assess all the important
elements necessary to
succeed
in
school
and
in
life,
argues
Robert
J.
Sternberg.
In
his
article
―How
Intelligent
Is
Intelligence
Testing?‖,
Sternberg
notes
that
traditional
test
best
assess
analytical
and
verbal
skills
but
fail
to
measure
creativity
and
practical
knowledge,
components also critical to problem
solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do
not
necessarily
predict
so
well
once
populations
or
situations
change.
Research
has
found that IQ predicted
leadership skills when the tests were given under
low-stress
conditions,
but
under
high-stress
conditions,
IQ
was
negatively
correlated
with
leadership
–
that
is,
it
predicted
the
opposite.
Anyone
who
has
toiled
through
SAT
will
testify that test-
taking skill also
matters, whether it’s knowing when to
guess or
what questions to
skip.
Robert J. Sternberg
认为，
这样的标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成
功所需的所有重要因素。在其名为《智力测试如何明智？》的文章中，
Ste
rnberg
指出，
传统测试非常准确地评估了分析能力和语言
表达能力，
但没有测量创造性
和实践知识，
这些也是解决问题和取得人生成功的关键因素。
而且，
一旦
人口或
环境发生变化
，
智商测试就未必
能够准确预测。
研究发现，
如果在压力较小的状
况下进行智商测试，
那么这种测试就可以预测出领导才能，
但是，
在压力很高的
状况下，
智商
测试所得的结果与领导才能是负相关的，
也就是说，
预测的结果
与
实际是相反的。
任何经历过
SAT<
/p>
（学术水平测试考试）的人都会认为，应试能
力也很重要，比如何
时应该猜测，或者什么问题应该忽略等。
26.
Which of the following
may be required in an intelligence test?
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into
different shapes.
[C] Telling the
differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to
the given ones.
下列的哪一项在智商测试中有所要求？
[A]
回答哲学问题
[B]
把纸折成或剪成不同的形状
[C]
区别一些概念之间不同
[D]
根据给定的词汇或者图像选择相似的词汇或图像
27.
What can be inferred
about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as
an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More
versions of IQ tests are now available on the
Internet.
[C]
The
test
contents
and
formats
for
adults
and
children
may
be
different.
[D]
Scientists
have
defined
the
important
elements
of
human
intelligence.
从第三段中，我们可以推断关于智商测试的哪一项情况？
[A]
人们不再用智商分数来作为智力的指标
[B]
更多版本的智商测试现在可以从互联网上得到
[C]
成人和儿童的测试内容和形式可能是不同的
[D]
科学家们已经定义了人类智力的重要因素
28.
People
nowadays
can
no
longer
achieve
IQ
scores
as
high
as
vos
Savant's
because
[A] the scores are
obtained through different computational
procedures.
[B] creativity rather than
analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one
that will not repeat.
[D] the defining
characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
现在的人们不再可能取得
vos
Savant
那么高的智商分数是因为
[A]
现在使用不同的计算程序计分
[B]
现在更加强调创造力而不是分析能力
[C] vos
Savant
的例子只是一个不会再出现的极端情况
[D]
智商测试的定义性特征发生了变化
29.
We can conclude from the
last paragraph that
[A] test scores may
not be reliable indicators of one’s
ability.
[B] IQ scores and
SAT results are highly correlated.
[C]
testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional tests are out of date.
我们可以从最后一段总结出
[A]<
/p>
测试分数可能无法可靠地证明一个人能力
[B]
智商分数与
SAT
的结果高度
相关
[C]
测试中包括了很多猜题的工作
[D]
传统的测试已经过时
30.
What is the author's
attitude towards IQ tests?
[A]Supportive
[B]Skeptical.
[C]Impartial
[D]Biased
作者对于智商测试的态度是怎样的？
[A]
支持的
[B]
质疑的
[C]
客观的
[D]
有偏见的
2007
年
Text 3
During
the
past
generation,
the
American
middle-class
family
that
once
could
count
on
hard
work
and
fair
play
to
keep
itself
financially
secure
had
been
transformed by economic risk and new
realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a
disappearing spouse can reduce a family
from solidly middle class to newly poor in a
few months.
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