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语言学框架

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-12 23:48
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2021年2月12日发(作者:贵格派)



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.


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D


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Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.


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< br>学





Phonetics


语音学


/Phonology

< p>
音系学


/Morphology


形态学

< p>
/Syntax


句法学


/Semantics


语义学


/Pragmatics


语用学



Macrolinguistics


宏观 语言学:



sociolinguistics


社会语言学


/Psycholinguistics


心 理语言学


/Applied linguistics


应用


语言学




1


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1


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I


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p


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d


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c


s



< br>学








1) prescriptive vs. descriptive


规定性与描述性



2) synchronic vs. diachronic


共时性与历时性




Saussure



3) speech & writing


口语和书面语



4) langue & parole


语言


(


抽象


)


和言语


(


具体


)



Saussure



5) competence & performance


能力和运用




Chomsky



6) traditional grammar & modern linguistics


传统语法和现代语言学





索绪尔——现代语言学之父




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W


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1




D


e


f


i


n


i


t


i


o


n



o


f



l


a


n


g


u


a


g


e





Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.



1


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D


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i


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f


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o


f



l


a


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g


u


a


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e












H


o


c


k


e


t


t




(1) Arbitrariness


任意性:符号的音与义之间没有逻辑联系。比如说,不同的语言


使用 不同的音指相同的事物。



(2) Productivity /Creativity


创造性:语言可以被创造。




1



(3) Duality


二重性:


语言 在结构上存在两个层次——低层次


(音标)


和高层次

< p>
(词


素、单词等)




(4) Displacement


移位性:语言不受语言时空 距离的影响。



(5) Cultural transmis sion


文化传递性:语言体系具体内容的习得要通过后天的学


习来获得。




1

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2


.


3




F


u


n


c


t


i


o


n



o


f



l


a


n


g


u


a


g


e



(descriptive function/expressive function/social function)


informative


信息功能


/interpersonal


人 际功能


/performative


施为功能

< br>/emotive


感情功



/p hatic communication


寒暄功能


/recr eational


娱乐功能


/metalinguistic


元语言功






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W


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?




< br>语








Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is


concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world



s languages.























articulatory phonetics


发音语音学





研究语言的产生



three points of view





auditory phonetics


听觉语音学








研究语言怎样被感知























acoustic phonetics


声学语音










研究语音的物理属性




2


.


2


.

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O


r


g


a


n


s



o


f



s


p


e


e


c


h











the pharyngeal cavity - the throat


咽腔







the oral cavity - the mouth


口腔







the nasal cavity - the nose


鼻腔





2



2< /p>


.


2


.


3




B


r

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o


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a


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t


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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA


国际音标


) --- Daniel Jones --- 1888



2


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3




P


h


o


n


o


l


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g


y






2


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< br>和








Phonology is the study about how speech sound in a language form patterns and


how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.




Phonetics is the scientific study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned


with defining and classifying speech sounds.






























phonology


研究抽象的音位类型与规则



---


一样



Differences: [l] in leap & peel





























phonetics



研究具体发音部位与方式



---


不同




< /p>


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P

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< br>音










1


)音素:是语音学研究的单位,是一个个具体的声音。



[ ]






2


)音位 :是音系学研究的单位,是抽象的概念,每一个音位是一组语音特征


的集合体,音位具有 区别意义的作用。



/ /





3< /p>


)音位变体:是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现,同一音位在不同


语音环境里体现为不同的变体,也就是语音。


[ ]
















/k/:



[k] school





[k


h


] coll





[k



] ski





[k



h


] keel



总结:


语音学



-


音素



-


发音



- [ ]








音系学



-


音位



-


不发音



- / /



2


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< br>音


















1


)音位对立:两个音位出现在相同的语音环境中,且具有区别语义的功 能。








例:


ti p



dip


中的


/t/



/d/


< br>rope



robe


中的


/p/



/b/



2


)互补分布:同一音位不同音位变体之间的关系,且没有区别 意义的功能。










例:


top


中送气的


[th


]和


stop


中不送气的


[t]



3




3< /p>



最小对立体:


出现在同一位置上的一个 音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。








例:


bill



p ill


(辅音)


, bet



but


(元音)



< /p>


2


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3


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4




S

< p>
o


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y








2.3.4.1



Sequential rules


序列规则











三辅音连缀规则:


/s/ --- /p/, /t/, /k/ --- /l/, /r/, /w/


2.3.4.2



Assimilation rule


同化规则



2.3.4.3



Deletion rule


省略规则:


[g]



2


.


3


.

< p>
5




S


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m


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t


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l< /p>



f


e


a


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u


r


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< p>
s








2.3.5.1



Stress


重读



2.3.5.2



Tone


音调


/


声调



2.3.5.3



Intonation


语调





C


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3




M


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3


.


1




I


n


t


r


o


d


u


c


t


i


o


n





Morphology is concerned with word formation and word structure.


形态学研究单


词的内部结构和构词规则。




3


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O


p


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< br>


(1) Open class words


开放词类:


content words


实词



--- nouns, verbs, adjectives...


(2) Closed class words


封闭词类:


function words


虚词



--- conjunctions, articles...



3


.


3




M


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p


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-


-


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o


f



m


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a


n


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g



















< br>位



( reader


是一个单词,


read




er


是两个词素



/ boys

< p>
是一个单词,


boy



s


是两


个词素)




4



(1) Free and bound morphemes


自由词素和黏着词素






①自由词素——有完整语义



如:


book; helpful


中的


help





②黏着词素——词根、词缀



(2) Allomorphs


词素变体






如:①



a


放在辅音前;


an

< br>放在元音前












books, bags, judges


中的


s


三种不同的读音




3


.


4




A


n


a


l


y


z


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n


g



w


o


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d


< br>s


t


r


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t


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r


e


s



roots and affixes (prefix, infix, suffix)



3


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5




D


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m


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p


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(1) derivational morphemes


派生词素:


构 成新单词












如:


-ate, inter-, -ism...


(2) inflectional morphemes


曲折 词素:


改变数、


时、


格、






如:


-s, -ed, -er, -est...




















自由词素


free ~






























前缀


prefix


词素


morphemes
























派生词素


derivational ~























黏着词素


bound ~




























后缀


suffix






































曲折词素


inflectional ~








3


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6




M


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r

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3


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7




D


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3


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C


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s






3


.

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1




D


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A compound word is made when two words are joined to form a new word.



3


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8


.


2











(1)



Orthographica lly


书写特征:



in three ways: solid (airmail); hyphenated (air- conditioning); open (air force, air raid)


(2) Syntactically


句法特征:




5



复合词的词性一般取决于复合词最后一个成分的词性



(3)



Semantically


语义特征:



复合词的意义具有习语性质,许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和

< p>


(4) Phonetically


语音特征:



复合词的单词重音落在第一个构成成分上







C


h


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4




S


y


n


t


a


x






4


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1




W


h


a


t



i


s



s


y


n


t


a


x


?





Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of


sentences.



4


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< br>(


1



major lexical categories: n. v. a. prep.



2



minor lexical categories:



determiner

< p>


Det


限定词)—



the, a, this, those...





























degree words



Deg


程度词)—



quite, so, more...





























qualifier



Qual


频率词)—



often, always, almost...





























auxiliary



Aux


助动词)—



must, should, can...





























conjunction



Con


连接词)—



and, but, or...



4


.


2


.


2< /p>




P


h


r


a


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< p>


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< br>u


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s




1



[ NP] the pretty girl / [VP] often dream / [AP] very pessimistic



2



head


中心语;


specifier


标志语;


complement


补足语




4


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3




P


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4


.


3


.


1




X


P



r


u


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6



XP






Specifier
















X
















Complement


































Head























(the

















girl
















in the room)







4


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3


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2




C


o


o


r


d

< br>i


n


a


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X








X



C


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(




)



X




4


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4




P


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s

< br>


4


.


4


.


1




S


p


e


c


i


f


i


e


r


s







Specifiers


determiner


qualifier


degree word


Heads


N


V


A


P


Examples


the


tree,


no


water,


this


book...


always


fail,


often


drink,


never


leave...


less


boring,


quite


good,


very


sensitive...


almost


in,


quite


above...


< /p>


4


.


4


.


2




< p>
C


o


m


p


l


e


m


e

n


t


s







CP


Items


Heads


fact, belief


Examples


She can



t believe the fact


that she would fail


.


They


argued


over


whether


she


had


come


to


class


.


As


Adjectives


Ns


Nouns


afraid, aware


I was afraid


that nobody would believe me


.


Ps


Prepositions


over, about



4


.


4


.


3





M


o


d


i


f


i


e


r


s




Modifier


AP


PP


AdvP



Position


precedes the head


follows the head


precedes or follows the head


7


Example


a very


careful


girl


open


with care



read


carefully


;


carefully


read



4


.


5




S


e


n


t


e


n


c


e


s



(



T


h


e



S



R


u


l


e



)



4


.


6




T


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a


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s


f


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m


a


t


i


o


n


s

< br>


4


.


6


.


1




A


u


x


i


l


i


a


r


y



m


o


v


e


m


e


n

< br>t








4


.


6


.


2




D


o



i


n


s


e


r


t


i


o


n



4


.

< br>6


.


3




D


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(


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p


p

< br>r


o


a


c


h






)




1


)深层结构


deep structure


指机构关系中的潜在层面


underlying level


( 移位还


没有发生的原始形态)



The train will arrive.



2



表层结构


surface structure


指结构形成的最后结果阶段


final s tage


(移位后的


新形态)



Will the train arrive?



3


)结构:




The XP Rule




Deep Structure



Transformation



Surface Structure


4


.


6


.


4




W


h



M


o


v


e


m


e


n


t



4


.


6


.

< br>5




M


o


v


e



α



a


n


d



c


o


n


s


t


r


a


i


n


t


s



o


n



t


r


a


n


s


f


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r


m


a


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i


o

< br>n






C


h


a


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t


e


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5




S


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m


a

< br>n


t


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s






5


.


1




W


h


a


t



i


s



s


e


m


a


n


t


i


c


s




Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.



8



5


.


2




S


o


m


e



v


i


e


w


s



c


o


n


c

< br>e


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n


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t


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5


.


2


.


1

< br>



T


h


e



n


a


m


i


n


g



t


h


e


o


r

< br>y







(1)



Plato


(2)



The words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So


words are just names or labels for things.


(3)



Limitations:




applicable to nouns only;




抽象名词(


ghost, joy, impulse..




< p>
5


.


2


.


2




T


h


e



c


o


n


c


e


p


t


u


a


l


i


s

< br>t



v


i


e


w







(1)



Ogden and Richards


(2)



There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.


(3)



semantic triangle


语义三角:




Thought / Reference


(能指:概念)






Symbol / Form





--- -------------------------------------------------





Referent


(词和语素)









































(所指:物体)



< br>5


.


2


.


3




C


o


n


t


e


x


t


u


a


l


i


s


m






(1)



J.R. Firth, Malinowski, Wittgenstein


(2)



Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context --- elements closely


linked with language behaviour.



5


.


2


.


4




B


e


h


a


v


i


o


r

< br>i


s


m






(1)



Bloomfield, Jack and Jill


(2)



The Stimulus - Response Theory (S-R)


刺激


-


反应理论




5


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