-
Term
defination5*5
名词解释
Allophon(
音位变体
)
Any
of
the
different forms of a phoneme E.g.
the
phonetically
aspirated
[t
h
]
in
top
and
unaspirated
[t
=
]
in
stop
,
both [th] and
[t
=
] are allophones of
the phoneme /t/.
Narrow transcription
(
窄式音标
)
The use of more specific symbols
to show more phonetic
detail.
Illocutionary
(
言外之意
)
The
intention of the speaker. Such
as
“
pls
open
the
door
”
,
the
purpose is let the door
open.
Abbreviation
(
< br>缩
写
法
)
Also
called
clipping,
a
new
word
is
created by cutting the
final part or
with a slight variation,
cutting the
initial part,
or
by
cutting
both
the
initial and final pars
accordingly.
（
3<
/p>
）
Inflection
（屈折的概念）
：
The
manifestation
of
grammatical
relationship
through
the addition of
inflectional affixes,
such as number,
person, finiteness,
aspect
and
case,
which
do
not
change
the
grammatical
class
of
the
stems
to
which
they
are
attached
（
4
）
Com
plementary
(9)Borrowing
（借词）四
类
Loan
word(
完
全
借
词
):
both
form
and
meaning
are
borrowed
with
only
a
slight
adaptation,
in
some
cases,
to
the
phonological
system
of
the
new
language
that
they
enter.
E.g.
sputnik
form
Russian and tea from
China. Loan
blend
(
混
合
借
词
):
part
of
the
form
is
native
and
part
is
borrowed, but the meaning is fully
E.g.
(1)Bicycle
→
bike
distribution
（互补分布）
E.g. The phonetically aspirated [p]
in
“
pit
”
,
is a superscript in Narrow
transcription, written in
【
pit
】
Homographs
(
同形异义
)
Lexemes may look alike but sound
different
in
which
case
they
may
be referred to as
homographs
E.g.
“
well
”
is
mean
“
a
deep
hole
into the earth to
obtain water
”
and
it also another meaning of
“
good
”
.
Perlocutionary
(
言后行为
)
The
action
of
the
listener
after
he
listening. Such as he will open the
door
after
listening
the
speaker’
s
saying.
Blending(
混成法
)
Is
a
relatively
complex form of compounding, in
which
two
words
are
blended
by
joining
the
initial
part
of
the
first
word
and
the
final
part
of
the
second
word,
or
by
joining
the
initial parts of the two words.
E.g.
(1)Smoke
+
fog
→
smog
(2)boat
+
hotel <
/p>
→
boatel
(3)Modulato
r+demodulator
→
modem
(4)
digital
+
computer
→
digicom
Homophones
(
同音异义
).
Lexemes
may
be
alike
to
the
ear
but not to the eye, as
with
eye
and
I
,
in
which
case
they
may
be
referred
to as homophones.
E.g.
“bears”
as a Noun. means
熊
（
large furry
animal
）
, but
“
bear
”
as a Verb. means
“
Tolerate
”
Locutionary
(
言语行为
)
The
act
of
saying
something
，
such as
“
please
open the door
”
(2)advertisement
→
ad
(3)
omnibus
→
bus
(4)
telephone
→
phone
(5)
Influenza
→
flu
(6)
refrigerator
→
fridge
Stem(
词干
)
Is
any
morpheme
or
combination
of
morphemes
to
which
an
inflectional
morpheme
can
be
attached.
E.g.
Both
“
friend~
”
in
“
friends
”
and
“
friendship~<
/p>
”
in
“<
/p>
friendships
”
are
Stems
Root(
词根
)
Is the basic form of a word which
can
’
t be further
divided, otherwise
it will destroy or
alter its meaning.
E.g.
To
leave
out
“
inter~
”
,
“
~al
”
,
and
“
~ism
”
from
the
word
“
internationalism
”
，
the remaining
part is Root
“
nat
ion
”
.
Ⅱ
.Blank-
filling(1*17=17)
（
1
）语言的定义：
Language is a
system of arbitrary
vocal
symbols
used for human communication.
（
2
）
Allomorph
（词素变体）
：
A
morpheme
may
have
different
phonetic realizations.
**As
realizations
of
a
morpheme
that
are
in
complementary
distribution
to
each
other
we
can
call
/s/,
/z/
and
/iz/
allomorphs
of
the
plural
morpheme,
just
as
we
call
two
or
more
phones
allophones
if
they
are
in
complementary distribution.
(7)
Derivation
（
派
生
词
）
:
different
from
compounds,
derivation
shows
the
relation
between roots and affixes
the
relation
between
tow
speech
sounds
that
never
occur
in
the
same
environment.
Allophones
of
the
same
phoneme
are
usually
in
complementary distribution.
（
5
）语义范畴
The set of
items that we identify
by
means
of
a
word
or
lexemes
is
the
Semantic
Range
of
that
word or lexeme . Or it refers to the
items
contained
within
a
word
or
lexeme. E.g. the semantic
range of
uncle
in
English
is
much
larger
than
“
叔叔
” in
Chinese...
(8)
反义词的小分类，三分类
i. Gradable antonym
(
渐次反义
):
the
members
of
a
pair
differ
in
terms of degree
(
一组反义词在程
度上存在差异
)
such
as
cold
—
hot,
cool
—
warm;
big
—
medium-small,
etc.
ii. Complementary antonym
(
互补
反义
): they
divide up the whole of
a semantic field
completely
(
一对
反义词完全分离了语义场
)
such
as
alive
—
dead,
male
—
female,
present
—
absent,
etc.
iii. Converse antonym
(
相反反义
):
the
members
of
a
pair
do
not
constitute
a
positive-negative
opposition, they show the reversal
of
a
relationship
between
two
entities
(
并不构成肯定<
/p>
-
否定对
立，而是两个个体之间关系的颠
倒
)
such as buy
—
sell,
lend
—
borrow,
parent
—
child,
etc.
borrowed
E.g.
coconut
from
Spanish
and
China
town
from
shift(
转
换
借
词
):
the
meaning
is
borrowed,
but
the
form
is
native.
E.g.
Bridge
(an
English word, when
referring to a
type of card game, the
meaning is
borrowed
form
the
Italian
Ponte)
The
same
as
artificial
satellite
from
Russian
sputnik..
Loan
translation
(
转译借词
):
is
also
called
Calque,
in
which
each
morpheme or word is
translated in
the equivalent morpheme
or word
in another language
For
instance,
the
English
word
almighty
is
a
literal
translation
from the Latin omnipotens.
（
6
）
Hyponymy
（上下义词关
系
）
：
a
relation
between
tow
words,
in
which
the
meaning
of
one
word
(the
super
ordinate)
is
included in the meaning of another
word (the hyponym)
**The hyponyms of a word define
its semantic range .
On the other hand, a superordinate
can
serve
to
designate
a
semantic
field
语言
的
7
个功能：
（
1
）
Informative
function
?
（
2
）
Interpersonal
function
（
3
）
Performative
function
?
（
4
）
Emotive/Expressive
function
?
（
5
）
Phatic
communion
function
?
（
6
）
Recreational function
（
7
）
Metalingua
l function
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