-
.
专业
.
专注
.
1. Unit 1
Businesses
are
structured
in
different
ways
to
meet
different
needs.
The
simplest
form
of
business
is
called
an
individual
or
sole
proprietorship. The
proprietor(
经营者
) owns all of
the property of
the business and is
responsible for everything.
For legal purposes, with this kind of
business, the owner and the
company are
the same. This means that the proprietor gets to
keep all of the profits of the
business, but also must pay any
debts.
Another
kind
of
business
is
the
partnership.
Two
or
more
people
go
into
business
together.
An
agreement
is
usually
needed
to
decide
how
much
of
the
partnership
each
person
controls.
One kind of partnership is called a
limited liability partnership.
These
have full partners and limited partners. Limited
partners
may not share as much in the
profits, but they also have less
responsibilities for the business.
Doctors,
lawyers
and
accountants
often
form
partnerships
to
share
their
risks
and
profits.
A
husband
and
wife
can
form
a
business partnership together.
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
Partnerships exist only for as long as
the owners remain alive.
The same is
true of individual proprietorships.
But corporations are designed to have
an unlimited lifetime. A
corporation is
the most complex kind of business organization.
Corporations
can
sell
stock
as
a
way
to
raise
money.
Stock
represents shares of
ownership in a company. Investors who buy
stock
can
trade
their
shares
or
keep
them
as
long
as
the
company is in business.
A company might use some of its
earnings to pay
dividends(
红
利
) as
a reward to shareholders. Or the company might
reinvest
the money into the business.
If shares lose value, investors can
lose all of the money they paid
for
their stock. But shareholders are not responsible
for the debts
of the corporation.
A corporation is recognized
as an entity(
实体
)
—
—
its own legal
being,
separate from its owners.
A
board
of
directors
control
corporate
policies.
The
directors
appoint top company officers. The
directors might or might not
hold
shares in the corporation.
If shares
lose value, investors can lose all of the money
they paid
for their stock.
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
But not all corporations are
traditional businesses that sell stock.
Some nonprofit groups are also
organized as corporations.
2. Unit 2
In the past three week I have
introduced you to the ideas and
methods
of economics.
In the next week, we will
start learning more, in more detail the
principles of economic behavior and
economic policy.
As you proceed through
the whole semester, you will be asked to
draw on many of your intellectual
skills.
在过去的三周里
，
我
向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法
。
在
接下来的一周内
，
我们将开始学习更多的
，
更详细的经济行为和
经济政策的原则
。
当你进行整个学期
，
你会被要求画上许多你的知识技能
。
You might find it helpful to keep in
mind some advice from the
great
economist John Maynard Keynes:
你可能会发现它很
有帮助
，
以保持在一些意见
，
从伟大的经济学家
凯因斯梅纳德
：
The study of economics does not
seem to require any specialized
gifts
of
an
unusually
high
order.
Is
it
not
a
very
easy
subject
compared
with
the
higher
branches
of
philosophy
or
pure
science?
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
经
济学的研究似乎并不需要任何特殊的高阶的特殊的礼物
。
它不是
一个很容易的学科相比
，
更高的分支机
构的哲学或纯科学
？
An easy
subject, at which very few excel! The paradox
finds its
explanation, perhaps in that
the master-economist must possess
a
rare combination of gifts. He must be
mathematician, historian,
statesman,
philosopher-
in
some
degree.
He
must understand
symbols and
speak in words. He must contemplate the particular
in terms of the general, and touch
abstract and concrete in the
same
flight of thought. He must study the present in
the light of
the past for the purposes
of the future. No part of man`s nature
or his institutions must lie entirely
outside his regard. He must be
purposeful and disinterested in a
simultaneous mood as aloof
and
incorruptible as an artist yet sometimes as near
the earth as
a politician.
一
个简单的主题
，
在其中非常少
！
悖论找到了它的解释
，
或许在那
个大师的经济学家必须拥有一个罕见的组合的礼物
。
他一定是数学
家
、
历史学家
、
政治家
、
哲学家
--
在某种程度上
。
他必须理解符号
和用词说话
。
他必须考
虑到这一特殊的方面
，
在同一飞行中的抽象
和具体的思考
。
为了将来的目的
，
他必须根据过去
，
学习现在
。
任
何人的本性或机构的一部分
< br>，
都必须完全在他的考虑之外
。
他必须
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
在
同时情绪冷漠和廉洁是有目的和公正作为一个艺术家
，
但有时像
政治家一样脚踏实地
。
It is a tall order. But with practice,
you will become more and
more
accustomed to thinking like an economist.
< br>这是一个高阶
。
但在实践中
，<
/p>
你会变得越来越习惯于像经济学家一
样思考
。
3. Unit 3
People differ in many ways. One
difference is in how attractive
they
are. The actor Brad Pitt, for instance, is a
handsome man. In
part
for
this
reason,
his
movies
attract
large
audiences.
Not
surprisingly, the large
audiences mean a large income for Mr. Pitt.
人们有许多不同的方式
。
一个区别是如何吸引人
。
例如
，
演员布拉
德皮特是个英俊的男人
。
为了这个原因
，
他的电影吸引了大量
的观
众
。
毫不奇怪
，
大的观众意味着一个巨大的收入为皮特先生
。
How
prevalent
are
the
economic
benefits
of
beauty?
Labor
economists Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff
Biddle tried to answer
this question in
a study published in the December 1994 issue of
The American Economic Review.
美容的经济效益有多普遍
？
劳动经济学家哈莫米斯丹尼尔和
比德尔
杰夫试图在十二月
1994
期美
国经济评论中发表的一项研究中回答
这个问题
。
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
Hammerers
and
Biddle
examined
data
from
surveys
of
individuals
in
the
United
States
and
Canada.
The
interviewers
who conducted
the survey were
asked to rate each
respondent’s
physical appearance.
Hammerers
和比德尔研究的
数据来自美国和加拿大的个人调查
。
进行调查的面试官被要求对
每个答辩人的外貌进行评价
。
Hamermesh and Biddle then examined how
much the wages of
the
respondents
depended
on
the
standard
determinants
---
education,
experience,
and
so
on---
and
how
much
they
depended on physical
appearance.
哈莫米斯和比德尔然后检查了多少的受访者的工资取决于标准
的决
定因素
---
教育
，
经验
，
等等
---
和多少取决于物理外观
。
Hamermesh and Biddle found that
beauty pays. People who are
deemed to
be
more attractive than
average earn
five percent
more than people of average looks.
哈莫米斯和比德尔发现
，
美的付出
。
被认为是更具吸引力的人比一
般人平均收入高百分之五
。
People of average looks
earn 5 to 10 percent more than people
considered
less
attractive
than
average.
Similar
results
were
found for men and women.
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
长
相一般的人平均收入比人们认为吸引力低的人多五到百分之十
。
男性和女性都有类似的结果
。
What explains these differences in
wages? There are several ways
to
interpret the “beauty premium”.
什么解释了这些差异的工资
？
有几个方法来解释
“
美容费
”。
One interpretation is that good looks
are themselves a type of
innate ability
determining productivity and wages. Some people
are born with the attributes of a movie
star; other people are not.
一种解释是
，
良好的外表本身是一种天生的能力
，
决定着生产力和
工资
。<
/p>
有些人是天生的明星的属性
，
其他人不是
。
Good
looks
are
useful
in
any
job
in
which
workers
present
themselves to the
public--- such as acting, sales, and waiting on
tables. In this case, an attractive
worker is more valuable to the
firm
than an unattractive worker.
在任何工人们向公众展示自己的工作
，
好的外表都是有用的
。
例如
：
在演
员
、
销售员和服务员等
。
在这种情况下
，
一个有吸引力的工人
比一个没有吸引力的工人更有价值
。
The firm’s willingness to
pay more to attractive workers reflects
its customers’ preferences.
该公司愿意支付更多给吸引力的员工
，
反映出其客户的偏好
。
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
A
second
interpretation
is
that
reported
beauty
is
an
indirect
measure of other
types of ability.
另一种解释是
，
美是一种间接衡量其他类型的能力
。
How attractive a person
appears depends on more than just
heredity. It also depends on dress,
hairstyle, personal demeanor,
and other
attributes that a person can control.
一
个人的吸引力不只是取决于遗传
。
它还取决于着装
、
发型
、
个人
举止和其他个人可以控制的因素
。
Perhaps a person who
successfully projects an attractive image
in a survey interview is more likely to
be an intelligent person
who succeeds
at other tasks as well.
也许一
个人在调查面试中成功地表现出一个有吸引力的形象
，
他更
可能是一个聪明的人
，
他在其他工作中也会
成功
。
A third
interpretation is that the beauty premium is a
type of
discrimination, a topic to
which we return later.
第三种解释是
，
美的溢价是一种区别
，
我们稍后返
回这个主题
。
4. Unit 4
The scientific
study of population is known as demography. The
word
comes
from
the
Greek
for
“measuring
people”.
But
counting heads is only a
small part of what demographers do.
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
人
口的科学研究被称为人口统计学
。
这个词来源于希腊的
“
测量人
”。
但统计数
量只有人口统计学家做的一小部分
。
They also attempt to calculate the
growth rate of a population
and to
assess the impact of such things as the marriage
rate and
life
expectancy,
the
sex
ratio,
the
age
structure
on
human
behavior
and the structure of society.
< br>他们还试图计算人口的增长率
，
并评估如婚姻率和预期寿
命
，
性别
比例
，
年龄结构对人类行为和社会结构这些事物的影响
，。
They
are
interested
in
the
distribution
of
population
and
in
movements of people. Put another way,
demographers study the
effects of such
numbers on social trends.
他们感兴趣的是人口分布和人
口流动
。
另一方面
，
< br>人口学家研究的
这样的数字对于社会趋势的影响
。
Demographers use a number of
standard measures in translating
a
locality’s raw totals
--- births,
deaths, and the number of those
moving
in and out--- into general statistics that allow
them to
identify trends.
人口统计学家使用一些标准的措施在翻译当地的原料总量
，
出生
，
死亡
，
和一些迁入和输出
---
一般统计让他们以确定
趋势
。
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
The birthrate is the number of births
per 1000 people in a given
years.
Suppose
there
were
900
births
in
a
city
of
50000
in
a
specific year.
出生率是每一年的出生人数
1000
人
。
假设有
900
个出生在一个有
50000
人城市的在特定的一年
。
Demographers
calculate the birthrate for the city by dividing
the
number
of
births
(900)
by
the
population
(50000)
and
multiplying the result (0.018) by 1000
to get 18. The birthrate in
developed
countries is 1.6; in less developed countries it
is 4.0.
人口统计学家计算城市人口出生率以出生人
数
（
900
）
的除以总人
口
（
50000
）
的结果
（
0.018<
/p>
）
相乘
1000
得到
18
。
发达国家的生育
率为
1.6
；
不发达国家
是
4
。
The death rate is the number of deaths
per 1000 people in a
given year. The
fertility rate is the number of live births per
1000
women of the world.
死亡人
数为每
1000
人死亡人数一年
。
生育率是世界上每
1000
名妇
女的活产数
。
As
mentioned earlier, population and population
growth rates
are highest in developing
nations and lower in Western nations.
These
rates
are
also
complicated
by
mass
movements
of
refugees to and from
certain countries.
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
如
前所述
，
发展中国家和西方国家的人口增长率是最高的
。
这些比
率也很复杂
，
某些国家的难民群众运动也很复杂
。
By 1994 the population of refugees was
over 23 million, up from
about 10
million refugees worldwide in 1983. Mass movements
of people into and out of Afghanistan,
Somalia and Mozambique
have
contributed
to
this
sharp
increase.
Famine
and
political
upheaval are usually behind these mass
exoduses.
1994
的难民人数超过
2300
万
，
由在
1983
约
1000
万难
民增长
。
从
阿富汗
、
索马里和莫桑比克的群众运动对这一急剧增加做出了贡献
。
饥荒和政治动荡通常在这些群众大规模流亡后发生
。
5. Unit 5
One’s
cultural identity is an important aspect of being
human.
Cultural
identity
evolves
from
the
shared
beliefs,
values,
and
attitudes of a group of people.
人的文化身份是人的一个重要方面
。
文化认同是一些人类从共同的
信仰
、<
/p>
价值观和态度发展演变而来的
。
It embodies standards of behavior and
the ways in which beliefs,
values, and
attitudes are transmitted to the younger
generation.
它体现了行为准则和信仰
，
价值观和态度的方式被传递给年轻一
代
。
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
Cultural
identity
also
entails
the
ways
in
which
kinship
relationships and
marital and sexual relationships are structured.
文化认同还包括亲属关系
、
婚姻和性关系的方式
。
Examples
of
the
vast
array
of
cultural
identities
in
the
United
States
include
Anglo
American,
Italian
American,
African
American, and Asian
American
–
to name just a
few.
在美国
，
大量的文化身份的
例子包括英美
，
意大利
，
美国
，
非洲裔
美国人和亚裔
美国人的名字只是少数
。
Cultural
identity
transcends
ethnic
identity,
or
ethnicity,
which
refers
to
the
geographic
origin
of
a
minority
group
within
a
country or culture.
文化身份是超越种族身份的
，
或是种族
，
是指一个国家或文化中的
少数群体的地理起源
。
Whereas many
people learn about their specific ethnic
identities
from their parents, many
more children are born with parents
from several ethnic groups.
虽然许多人都了解他们的特殊的民族身份
，
从他们的父母
，
有更多
的孩子是与
父母来自几个民族
。
As this
increases in the United States, more young people
are
unclear
about
their
ethnic
identity
and
are
simply
calling
themselves American.
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
随
着美国的这一增长
，
越来越多的年轻人对自己的民族身份不清楚
，
他们只不过是自己的美国人
。
A cultural group
is a set of people who embrace core beliefs,
behaviors, values, and norms and
transmit them from generation
to
generation.
文化群
体是一组人
，
他们信奉核心信念
、
行为
、
价值观和规范
，
并
将其传递给一代又一代
。
Most
cultures
contain
subgroups
called
co-cultures,
distinct
cultural of social
groups living within the lesbians.
大多数文化包含子群称为共同的文化
，
社会群
体生活在女同性恋者
不同的文化
。
An Ethnic group is a set of people who
are embedded within a
larger cultural
group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors,
values, and norms that are also
transmitted from generation to
generation.
一个民族群体是一组人
，
他们被嵌入在一个较大的文化群体或社会
中
，
他们分享信仰
、
行
为
、
价值观和规范
，
< br>这也是一代又一代的传
播者
。
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
Ethnicity plays a major role in
determining what we eat and how
we
work, relate, celebrate holidays and rituals, and
feel about life
and death an illness.
种族在决定我们吃什么和我们如何工作
，
关系
，
庆祝节日和仪式
，
和感觉有关的生活和死亡的疾病中起着重要的作用
。
6. Unit 6
Internet journalism has been greatly
influenced by the so-called
“bloggers”.
In
the
strict
sense,
a
blogger
is
someone’s
online
record of the
websites he or she visits. Blogger is a
contraction of
“Web
logger”.
Web
loggers
have
been
called
one
-person
Internet blabbermouths who pop off to
anyone who will listen.
They
criticize
each
other
but
some
of
the
best
take
on,
sometimes
unfairly,
the
big
newspapers
and
networks.
They
provide a kind of instant feedback loop
for media corporations.
Some equate
them with the more lively editorial pages of
earlier
times. Web loggers are having
an important impact on the “old
media”
as
well
as
on
public
opinion
over
salient
poli
tical
and
social issues.
网
络新闻受到了很大的影响
，
所谓的
“<
/p>
博客
”。
在严格意义上
< br>，
一个
博客是某人的网站他或她访问的在线记录
。
博客是
“
网络日志<
/p>
”
的缩
写
。
Web
记录器已被称为一个人的互联网长舌者谁去谁会听流行
.
word
可编辑
.
.
专业
.
专注
.
音
乐
。
他们互相批评
，
< br>但一些最好的
，
有时不公平的
，
大的报纸和
网络
。
他们提供了一种即时反馈回路的媒体公司
。
有些人把他们与
早期的更生动的编辑页面等同起来
。
W
eb
记录器是具有重要影响
的
“
旧媒体
”
以及对公众舆论对突出的政治和社会
问题
。
Task 2
Newspapers are dying;
the music industry is still yelping about
iTunes; book publishers think they are
next. Yet one bit of old
media seems to
be doing rather well. In the final quarter of 2009
the average American spent almost 37
hours a week watching
television.
Earlier this year 116 million of them saw the
Super
Bowl-- a record for a single
programme. Far from being cowed
by new
media, TV is colonizing it. Shows like “American
Idol” and
“Britain’s Got
T
alent” draw huge audiences partly
because people
are
constantly
messaging
and
tweeting
about
them,
and
discussing them on Facebook.
报纸行将就木
；
音乐产业也在抱怨
i
Tunes
；
图书出版商认为他们下
。
然而
，
有一点旧媒体似乎做得很好
。
在
2009
的最
后一个季度
，
美
国平均每个星期花了将
近
37
个小时看电视
。
今年早些时候
，
1
亿
1600
万的人看到了超级碗一个计划的记录
。
没有受到新媒体
，
电
< br>视是殖民
。
节目
“
美国偶像
”
和
“
英国达人
”
吸引了众多观众的眼球
，
.
word
可编辑
.