-
学英语
找长喜
阅读理解巅峰自测
Test 1
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming
and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Chocolate
History
There
are few foods that people feel as passionate about
—
a passion that
goes beyond a love for the
“sweetness” of most candies or
desserts: after all, fe
w
people crave
caramel,
whipped cream, or bubble gum. Chocolate is, well,
different. For the true chocoholic, just
thinking about chocolate can evoke a
pleasurable response. You may want to grab a bar
or make a
nice
cup
of
hot
cocoa
before
you
begin
exploring
here.
American
?made
chocolate
and
cocoa
products number in the
hundreds. There is a fascinating story behind
these wonderful products. To
tell that
story and to provide a better understanding of the
chocolate history development is the
purpose of this passage, which will
provide readers an opportunity to view the
industry as a whole.
Last but not the
least, it gives us an open ending towards the
unresolved debates concerning about
its
effects of people.
Chocolate through
the Years
The
story of chocolate, as far back as we know it,
begins with the
discovery
of
America.
Until
1492,
the Old World
knew
nothing
at
all
about
chocolate
with
the
delicious
and
stimulating
flavor
that
was
to
become
the
favorite
of
millions.
The
Court
of
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella got
its first look at the principal ingredient of
chocolate when
Columbus
returned
in
triumph
from
America
and
laid
before
the
Spanish
began
to
explore
the
other
strange and wonderful things. Among these were a
few dark brown beans that looked like
almonds (
杏仁
) and
seemed most unpromising. They were cocoa beans,
today
?s source of all our
chocolate and cocoa.
The King and Queen never
dreamed how important cocoa beans could
be,
and
it
remained
for
Hernando
Cortez,
the
great
Spanish
explorer,
to
grasp
the
commercial
possibilities of
the New World offerings.
Food
of
the
Gods
During
his
conquest
of
Mexico,
Cortez
found
the
Aztec
Indians
using
cocoa beans in the preparation of the
royal drink of the realm, “chocolatl”, meaning
warm liquid.
In 1519, Emperor
Montezuma, who reportedly drank 50 or more
portions daily, served chocolate
to his
Spanish guests in great golden goblets
(
酒杯
), treating it like a
food for the gods.
For
all its regal
importance, however, Montezuma
?s
chocolate was very bitter, an
d the
Spaniards did
not
find
it
to
their
taste.
To
make
the
concoction
(
混合，调配
)
more
agreeable
to
Europeans,
Cortez and his
countrymen
got the idea of sweetening
it with cane sugar.
While they took
chocolate
back to Spain, the idea found favor and the drink
underwent several more changes with
newly discovered spices, such as
vanilla. Ultimately, someone decided the drink
would taste better
if served hot.
The new drink
quickly won friends, especially among the Spanish
aristocracy.
Spain
wisely
proceeded
to
plant
cocoa
in
its
overseas
colonies,
which
gave
birth
to
a
very
profitable
business. Remarkably
enough,
the Spanish
succeeded
in
keeping
the
art of
the
cocoa
industry a secret from the rest of
Europe for nearly a hundred years.
Chocolate Spreads to Europe
Spanish monks, who had been
assigned to process the cocoa
beans,
finally let the secret out. It did not take long
before chocolate was acclaimed throughout
Europe as a delicious,
health
?giving food. For a while it
reigned as the drink at the fashiona
ble
Court of France. Chocolate drinking
spread across the Channel to Great Britain, and in
1657 the
first of many famous English
Chocolate Houses appeared.
The hand methods of manufacture
used
by
small
shops
gave
way
in
time
to
the
mass
production
of
chocolate.
The transition
was
hastened by the advent
of a perfected steam engine, which mechanized the
cocoa grinding process.
By 1730,
chocolate had dropped in price from three dollars
or more per pound to within financial
reach of all. The invention of the
cocoa press in 1828 reduced the prices even
further and helped to
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
improve the
quality of the beverage by squeezing out part of
the cocoa butter, the fat that occurs
naturally in cocoa beans. From then on,
drinking chocolate had more of the smooth
consistency
and
the
pleasing
flavor
it
has
today.
The
19th
Century
marked
two
more
revolutionary
developments
in the history of chocolate. In 1847, an English
company introduced solid “eating
chocolate” through the development of
fondant (
软糖
) chocolate, a
smooth variety that has almost
completely replaced the old coarse
grained chocolate which formerly dominated the
world market.
The
second
development
occurred
in
1876
in Vevey,
Switzerland,
when
Daniel Peter
devised
a
way
of
adding
milk
to
the
chocolate,
creating
the
product
we
enjoy
today
known
as
milk
chocolate.
Chocolate Comes to America
In the United States of
America, the production of chocolate
proceeded
at
a
faster
pace
than
anywhere
else
in
the
world.
It
was
in
pre
?revolutionary
New
England
—
1765, to be exact
—
that the first chocolate
factory was established in this country.
Chocolate has gained so much importance
since that time that any interruption in its
supply would
be keenly felt.
During World
War II, the U.S. government recognized
chocolate
?s
r
ole
in the
nourishment and group spirit of
the Allied Armed Forces, so much so that it
allocated valuable
shipping
space
for
the
importation
of
cocoa
beans.
Many
soldiers
were
thankful
for
the
pocket
chocolate bars which
gave them the strength to carry on until more food
rations could be obtained.
Today, the
U.S. Army D
?rations include three
4?ounce chocolate bars. Chocolate has even been
taken into space as part of the diet of
U.S. astronauts.
Health Help or
Risk?
Chocolate
has been said to cause tooth decay, and has a
reputation for
being
a
fattening,
nutritionless
food.
The
good
news
is
that
most
of
the
bad
effects
of
eating
chocolate
are
either
overstated
or
entirely
false.
It
is
known
for
the
“good
feeling”
that
many
people experience after
eating it. Chocolate contains more than 300 known
chemicals. Scientists
have been working
on isolating specific chemicals and chemical
combinations, which may explain
some of
the pleasurable effects of consuming chocolate.
While
there
?s still much we don?t
know about chocolate, we cannot deny
the fact that chocolate is one of the most popular
products
in the world.
［
1024
words
］
1. The
author writes this passage in order to .
［
A
］
discuss why people love chocolate
［
B
］
argue about the original place of
chocolate
［
C
］
inform us of the chocolate history
development
［
D
］
tell us about the pleasurable effects
of chocolate
2. In 1519, Emperor
Montezuma served chocolate to his Spanish guests
who .
［
A
］
didn
?t like its taste
［
B
］
enjoyed it very much
［
C
］
didn
?t drink
it
at
all
［
D
］
found it tasteless
3. During
his conquest of Mexico, Cortez found that .
［
A
］
cocoa beans were used by the Aztec
Indians to prepare for the royal drink
［
B
］
drinking chocolate was popular with the
Aztec Indians
［
C
］
cocoa planting was a profitable
business in Mexico
［
D
］
Mexico was abundant in cocoa plants
4. Who let out the secret of the art of
the cocoa industry, according to the passage?
［
A
］
The planters of the cocoa.
［
B
］
The Spanish monks.
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
［
C
］
The chef cooking for the monarch.
［
D
］
The slaves working in the cocoa
industry.
5. In 1828,
contributed much to the improvement of
the quality of chocolate drink.
［
A
］
the mass production of chocolate
［
B
］
the perfection of steam engine
［
C
］
the development of fondant
［
D
］
the invention of cocoa press
6. One revolutionary development of
chocolate in the 19th century is that .
［
A
］
solid “eating chocolate” was introduced
［
B
］
many Chocolate Houses appeared
［
C
］
sugar was added to chocolate
［
D
］
the manufacture of chocolate was
mechanized
7. When was the first
chocolate factory set up in the United States,
according to the passage?
［
A
］
In 1730.
［
B
］
In 1828.
［
C
］
In 17
65.
［
D
］
In 1519.
8. The place where
the production of chocolate proceeded fastest was
, according to the passage.
9. During
the World War II, many soldiers depended on to
gain more strength when the food is not
sufficient.
debates
concerning about the effects of eating chocolate
are still , according to the author.
Part IV
Reading
Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
(25
minutes)
Section A
Those tiny, little hairs
above our eyes that many women either pluck,
paint, pierce
or tattoo play a very
important role in our life. First of all, it keeps
47 out of our eyes. Just
like
an umbrella keeps our bodies dry
from the rain, our 48 eyebrows keep our eyes dry
from rain or
sweat.
When
it
?s
pouring
rain
outside
or
when
sweat
drips
down
from
our
foreheads,
our
eyebrows 49 the flow of water or sweat
away from our eyes. Our arch shaped eyebrows guide
the
rain or sweat around to the side of
our faces
—
leaving our eyes
50 dry. By catching the water or
sweat,
our eyebrows not only allow us to see more
clearly, but also keep salty sweat from 51 or
irritating
our
eyes.
Eyebrows
have
other
52
also.
As
one
of
our
most
expressive
facial
53,
eyebrows help us
determine how people are feeling without ever
really asking them. If a person
?s
eyebrows are 54, chances are he is mad
or upset. In addition, eyebrows have an increasing
55 on
our
beauty
or
fashion
culture
over
the
years.
Thick,
hairy
and
big
eyebrows
tend
to
be
characterized as 56 while
thin and plucked eyebrows are said to be more
attractive.
［
207
words
］
［
A
］
unattractive
［
B
］
burning
［<
/p>
C
］
comp
letely
［
D
］
< br>
features
［
E
］
fairly
［
F
］
moisture
［
G
］
sweat
［
H
］
characteri
stic
［
I
］
hairy
［
< br>J
］
direct
［
K
］
roles
［
L
］
screwing
［
M
］
frowning
［
N
］
impact
［
O
］<
/p>
entering
Section BPassage One
The
ballad
and
the
folk
song
have
long
been
recognized
as
important
keys
to
the
thoughts
and
feelings
of
a
people,
but
the
dime
novel,
though
sought
by
the
collector
and
deferred
to
in
a
general way by the social
historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement
by almost everyone
else.
Neither
folk
songs
nor
dime
novels
were
actually
created
by
the
plain
people
of
America. But in their devotion to these
modes of expression, the people made them their
own. The
dime novel, intended as it was
for the great masses and designed to fill the
pockets of both author
and publisher,
quite naturally sought the lowest common
denominator: themes that were found to
be
popular
and
attitudes
that
met
with
the
most
general
approval
became
stereotyped.
Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a
much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the
ballad and
the folk song, is the
nearest thing we have had in this country to a
true “proletarian” literature, that
is
a literature written for the great masses of
people and actually read by them.
Although a
study
of
our
dime
novels
alone
cannot
enable
anyone
to
determine
what
are
the
essential
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
characteristics of the American
tradition, it can contribute materially to that
end. Sooner or later,
the
industrious
researchers
who
have
mined
so
many
obscure
lodes
of
American
literary
expression will
almost certainly turn their attention to these
novels and all their kinds. Let no one
think,
however,
that
the
salmon
?covered
paperbacks
once
so
eagerly
devoured
by
soldiers,
lumberjacks,
trainmen, hired girls, and adolescent boys now
make exciting or agreeable reading
even
for the historian, much as the social and
historical implications may interest him. As for
the
crowds today who get their
sensational thrills from the movies and the
tabloids, I fear that they
would
find
these
hair
?raisers
of
an
earlier
age
deadly
dull.
［
312
words
］
57.
According
to
the
passage, it is common to consider that
an important indication of a society
?s
culture is the .
［
A
］
dime novel
［
B
］
ballad and folk song
［
C
］
popular songs
［
D
］
music and poetry
58. Which of the following is true,
according to the passage?
［
A
］
The dime novels are more important than
the ballads and the folk songs.
［
B
］
The dime novels are not created by the
plain people.
［
C
］
The dime novels can help their authors
make a big fortune.
［
D
］
The dime novels are written for
noblemen.
59. Which one of the
following is included in
“these modes of expression” (Line 2,
Para. 2)?
［
A
］
Popular songs.
［
B<
/p>
］
Dancing.
［
C
］
Dime novels.
［
D
］
Jazz.
60. The principal purpose of people
writing dime novels was to .
［
A
］
explore a segment of American society
［
B
］
make money
［
C
］
raise the level of intelligence of the
great mass of people
［
D
］
promote the American political
philosophy
61. According to the author,
the study of dime novels .
［
A
］
is a waste of time
［
B
］
would be amusing but unimportant
［
C
］
would
be
a
valuable
contribution
in
determining
the
essential
characteristics
of
the
American tradition
［
D
］
would
be
sufficient
in
itself
to
determine
the
essential
characteristics
of
the
American
tradition
Passage Two
Training as mental
?health
professionals is supposed to be “color blind”.
That sounds fine but in
practice it
means that people from black and ethnic groups get
an unfair treatment because their
particular
problems
are
seldom
acknowledged.
So
a
project
was
piloted
involving
Bangladeshi women
in inner
?city London, most of whom
migrated to the UK in the 1960s and
1970s
from
a
rural
background.
Many
of
these
women
turned
to
their
doctors
with
common
symptoms of anxiety, such as headaches,
sleeping difficulties, loss of appetite and lack
of energy.
They
were
usually
prescribed
tranquillizers
or
even
Vitamin
C.
Since
the
underlying
causes
remained, the women visited their
doctors with increasing frequency and some were
referred on to
mental
?health
professionals.
The
psychologists
wanted
to
see
how
normal
Western
approaches to
anxiety problems might work when applied across
cultures. However, they found
that many
things in the standard approach had to be changed.
They had to translate many of the
usual
examples
—
they
would
normally
compare
learning
to
relax
with
learning
to
drive,
for
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
instance,
which would not have been culturally appropriate.
At first they asked the women to rate,
on a scale one to ten, the effect of
relaxation on their level of anxiety. They found
numbers an odd
way of expressing how
they were feeling. So psychologists shifted their
focus to words and talked
of
five
stages
from
“very
good”
to
“very
bad”.
As
it
was
a
pilot
project,
there
were
shortcomings.
Psychologists looked for too little
back
?up and did not collect as much
objective
data as they might have done
with a white group. They fell into the white
stereotype of assuming
that
Bangladeshi
women
would
find
the
use
of
various
checklists
and
written
records
foreign.
Perhaps
racism
has
conditioned
the
professionals
to
a
greater
extent
than
they
expected.
Psychologists
found that using a Western model across cultures
has potential. But it needs political,
financial and personal
commitment.
［
318
words
］
62. What
does “color blind” (Line 1, Para. 1) mean in this
passage?
［
A
］
Not liking people from ethnic groups.
［
B
］
Giving special treatment to ethnic
groups.
［
C
］
Unable to distinguish certain colors.
［
D
］
Not treating ethnic groups differently.
63. The Bangladeshi women visit their
doctors frequently because .
［
A
］
they were lonely and isolated
［
B
］
the reasons for their problems were
still there
［
C
］
they
were
prescribed
wrong
drugs
［
D
］
they
needed
someone
to
listen
to
their
problems64. The standard approach to
treating Bangladeshi women
?s anxiety
had to be changed
because .
［
A
］
their cultural background was very
different from the English one
［
B
］
they were exposed to racist harassment
and language difficulties
［
C
］
they asked the psychologists to change
it
［
D
］
they could not relax themselves if the
approach kept the same
65.
Why do the mental
?health professionals
fail to collect sufficient data?
［
A
］
They fall into the white stereotype
resulted from the influence of racism.
［
B
］
They have language problems while
communicating with the Bangladeshi women.
［
C
］
They want to protect the Bangladeshi
women from racism.
［
D
］
The Bangladeshi women do not want to
tell them their feelings.
66. Which of
the following statements can best summarize the
main idea of the passage?
［
A
］
The Bangladeshi women living in Britain
suffer from different levels of anxiety.
［
B
］
Western
models
prove
to
be
unsuccessful
in
treating
psychological
problems
of
ethnic
groups.
［
C
］
Mental problems of ethnic groups have
not got due recognition.
［
D
］
People relate better to people of
similar backgrounds.
Part
II
【文章大意】
本文主要通过讲述巧克力的发展过程、它在欧洲及美国的普及
和关于
巧克力是否有利于人体健康的一些争论来使读者对巧克力的发展历史有一个清晰的
认识，
并
使读者从整体上了解与巧克力有关的行业。
1
．
【定位】根据选项
中的关键信息
chocolate history
development
，
pleasurable effe
cts
及出题
顺序可定位在第一段。
【解析】选［
C
］
。本题是问作者写作本文的目的是什么，第一段倒数第二句提到了此方面
的内容。<
/p>
该句指出，
to tell that story
（讲述那些巧克力和可可产品背后的故事）
以及
to
provide
a better understanding of the
chocolate history development
（使对巧克力发展史的
了解更为深
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
刻）是
the purpose of this passa
ge
（本文的目的）
。
［
C
］是对
provide a better…de
velopment
的
同义表达，是本文的写作目的之一，故为
答案。
2
．
【定位】
根据题干中的关键信息
Emperor
Montezuma
，
Spanish
guests
可定位在小标题
Food
of the
Gods
下第一段和第二段。
【解析
】选［
A
］
。第一段末句和第二段首句
指出，
Montezuma
用金色的酒杯盛
chocolate
来
招待他的那些
Spanish guests
，
尽管看起来很隆重，
但巧克力是苦的，
这些西班牙人
did
not find
it to their taste
（觉
得这种饮品并不合他们的口味）
，故答案为［
A
］
。
3
．
【
定位】
根据题干中的关键信息
conquest of Mexico
，
Cortez
可定位在小标题
Food of the
Gods
下第一段。
【解析】选［<
/p>
A
］
。该段第一句指出，当
Cortez
征服墨西哥的时候，他发现
the
Aztec
Indians
（阿芝台克印第安人）用
cocoa
beans
来准备
the royal drink of
the realm
（皇家饮料）
，故答
案为［
A
］
。
4
．
【定位】根据题干中的关键信
息
let out the
secret
，
the art of the cocoa
industry
可定位在小
标题
Fo
od of the
Gods
下最后一段和小标题
Chocolate
Spreads to Europe
下第一段。
【解析】选［
B
］
。小标
题
Chocolate Spreads to Europe
下第一段第一句指出，被派去加工可
可豆的
Spanish m
onks
（
西班牙修道士）
最终
let the secret out
（
泄
露了秘密）
，
根据小标题
Food
of the
Gods
下最后一段可知，
the
secret
指的是
the art of the
cocoa industry
（可可工业的技术）
这一秘密。
结合上述内容可知答案为［
B
］
。
5
．
【定位】根
据题干中的关键信息
in
1828
可定位在小标题
Chocolate Spreads
to Europe
下第
二段。
【解析】选［
D
］
。该段倒数第二句指出，
1828
年
T
he invention of the cocoa press
（可可油压
榨机的发明）
使巧克力的价格进一步降低，
并
通过榨出
cocoa beans
（可可豆）
< br>中的部分
cocoa
butter
（可可油）提高了巧克力饮料的
quality
，故答案为
［
D
］
。
<
/p>
6
．
【定位】根据题干中的关键信息
19th
century
，
revolutionary
development
可定位在小标题
Chocolate
Spreads to Europe
下第三段。
【解析】选［
A
］
。该段
中指出，
19
世纪见证了巧克力发展史上的两个
revolutionary
developments
（革命性发展）
，一种是
solid “eating
chocolate”
的产生，一种是
a way of
adding
milk to the chocolate
被发明，
［
A
］为其中一种，故为答案
。
7
．
【定
位】根据题干中的关键信息
the first chocolate
factory
，
the United States
可定位在小标
题
Chocolate
Comes to America
下第一段。
【解析】选［
C
］
。该段第
二句中的强调句型
It
was…that…
< br>所强调的内容表明了第一个生产
巧克力的工厂在美国出现于
1765
年，故答案为［
C
］
。
8
．
【定位】根据题目中的关键信息
the
production
of
cho
colate
，
proceeded
可
定位在小标题
Chocolate Comes to
America
下第一段。
【解析】
the United
States
。该段第一句中的比较级
at a faster
pace than anywhere else in the
world
表达了最高级的含义，由此可知美洲的
the
United
States
是世界上
chocolate
生产速度
最快的国
家。
9
．
【
定位】
根据题目中的关键信息
World War II
，
soldiers
可定位在小标题
Chocolate Comes to
America
下第二段。
【解析】
the pocket chocolate
bars
。该段第二句提到，在二战时期，许多士兵都对
the
pocket
chocolate bars
（巧克力棒）感
激不尽，因为在食物短缺时，这些巧克力棒给了他们能够支撑
下去的体力，由此可知答案
为
the pocket chocolate
bars
。
10.
< br>【定位】根据题目中的关键信息
debates
，
the effects of eating chocolate
可定位在文章第一
段和小标题
Health Help or
Risk?
下。
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
【解析】
unresolved
。小标题
Health Help
or Risk?
下主要讲了对
the effects of
eating chocolate
的两种不同看法，
但并没有
具体说明哪种看法是正确的。
再结合文章第一段最后一句中的
i
t
gives us an open ending towards the
unresolved debates…
可知，关于吃巧克力的
effects
的争论
还
unres
olved
（没有解决）
。
【文章译文】
巧克力的历史人们很少
对某种事物如此充满热情
——
这种热情超出了对多数
糖果和甜品的
“
香甜
”<
/p>
的喜爱：毕竟很少有人对焦糖、鲜奶油或者泡泡糖有迫切的需求。
但巧
克力不同。
对真正的巧克力狂来说，
仅仅想到巧克力都会让他们产生一种愉快的感受。
在探
求这个
问题之前，
你可以找个酒吧或者沏一杯香浓的热可可。
美国产的
巧克力和可可产品有
上百种。这些优质产品的背后有一个引人入胜的故事。
［
1
］本文的目的是讲述这个故事，并
让读者更加理解巧克力的发展历史，从而使读者有机会对这个行业有一个总体的认识。
［
10
①
］最后，同样重要的
是，关于巧克力对人的影响目前仍争论不休，而本文最终会针对
这一点给读者一个自己思
考的机会。
巧克力简史我们知道，巧克力的故事开始于美洲被
发现之时。
1492
年之前，旧世界对日后
将会成为无数人最爱的味道香甜刺激的巧克力一无所知。
费迪南国王和伊莎贝拉王后
的宫廷
首次见到巧克力的主要原料是在哥伦布从美洲凯旋归来之时，
当时西班牙人还没有开始考察
其它古怪奇妙的东西。
这些东
西中有一些外形类似杏仁的深棕色豆子，
看上去毫不起眼。
这<
/p>
些豆子就是可可豆
——
当今所有巧克力和
可可都由这些豆子而来。
国王和王后从未想到可可
豆有多重要，
伟大的西班牙探险家赫南多
·
科尔特斯将却住了其中的商机。<
/p>
上帝的食物［
3
］在征服墨西哥的过程中，科尔特斯发现阿芝特克印第安人将可可豆用于制
作皇家饮料
“
巧克力托
”
，意思是温热的液体。
［
2
①
］
1519
年，有报道称蒙特苏马大帝每天饮<
/p>
用
50
份或更多饮料，他将巧克力放在大
型黄金酒杯中款待西班牙来宾，像对待上帝的食物
一样。
［
2
②
］然而，为了显示帝王的地位，蒙特苏
马的巧克力非常苦，不符合西班牙人的口
味。
为了将巧克力调配
得令欧洲人更加满意，
科尔特斯和他的国民们产生了在里面添加蔗糖
以使其变甜的想法。
当他们将巧克力带回西班牙时，
这一想
法得到了支持，
于是人们多次用
新发现的调料，
如香草，
对这种饮料进行了调制。
最终有人判断，
这种饮料加热饮用味道更
好。
这种新型饮料
很快获得了追捧，
特别是在西班牙贵族当中。
西班牙明智地继续
在国外殖
民地种植可可，从而开创了一项利润丰厚的贸易。
［<
/p>
4
①
］不可思议的是，西班牙人成功地将
可可贸易的秘密保守了将近
100
年，
使其他欧洲人对此一无所知。
巧克力登陆欧洲［
4
②
］负责处理可可豆的西班牙僧侣最终将这个秘密
泄露了出去。不久，
巧克力在整个欧洲都被奉为美味健康的食品，
还一度成为了法国宫廷最时髦的饮品。
巧克力
饮品穿越海峡来
到了英国。
1657
年，最初一批知名的英国巧克力房出现了。
小作坊的手工
艺制法最终让位于大规模巧克力生产。
完善的蒸汽
机使研磨可可的过程变为机械化，
加快了
这一过渡。
直到
1730
年，
巧克力
的价格由每磅
3
美元或更高降到了所有人都买得起的程度。
［
5
］
1828<
/p>
年，可可压榨机问世，进一步降低了巧克力的价格，并通过榨出可可豆中自然产
生的脂肪，
即可可油，提升了这种饮品的质量。自那时起，巧克力饮品更加
接近现今才有的
丝滑的浓度和可口的味道。
［
< br>6
］
19
世纪标志着巧克力史上
另外两次具有革命性的发展。
1847
年，一家英国公司研制出
了巧克力软糖，
为固体
“
食用巧克力<
/p>
”
开了先河。
这种可口的巧克力
已经几乎彻底取代了过去统治世界市场的粗糙的颗粒巧克力。第二项发展是
1876
年在瑞士
沃伟，丹尼尔
·<
/p>
彼特发明了一种将牛奶添加到巧克力中的方法，制造出了如今我们所熟知并
享用的牛奶巧克力。
<
/p>
巧克力登陆美国［
8
］在美国，巧克力生
产的速度超过了世界上所有其它地区。
［
7
］美国
第一家巧克力工厂成立于尚未革命的新英格兰，确切地说是
< br>1765
年。自那时起，巧克力变
得极其重要，一旦供应
中断，人们就会敏锐地察觉。二战期间，美国政府认可巧克力对联盟
武装部队来说是重要
的食物和精神食粮，他们甚至保留了宝贵的运输空间用来进口可可豆。
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
［
9
］很多士兵很感激那些袖珍巧克力块，因为这些巧克力给了他们力量，使他们能够在获<
/p>
得其他食粮前坚持下去。如今，美国军队
D
系列食粮包含
4
盎司的巧克力块。甚至连美国
宇航员也将巧克力作为日常饮食带入太空。
健康的帮手还是隐患？
［
10
②
］据说巧克力会损坏牙齿，而且被称为增肥
且毫无营养的食品。好消息是多数食用巧
克力的坏处要么言过其实，
要么完全荒谬。
这从很多人吃完巧克力后的
“
美妙感受
”
中可见一
斑。<
/p>
巧克力含有
300
多种已知化学物质。<
/p>
科学家们正在努力将特定的化学物质和化合物分隔
开来，
这也许可以解释某些食用巧克力所带来的愉悦感受。
尽管我们对巧克力的
认知还极其
有限，但我们不能否认，巧克力是世界上最受欢迎的产品之一。
Part IV Section A
【文章大意】
本文的主要内容是关于眉毛的作用。文章分别从三个方面对眉
毛的作用
进行了说明：一、眉毛能保持眼睛干爽；二、眉毛能够直接地表现人们的感受；
三、眉毛对
美容或时尚的影响越来越大。
【词性归类】
名词：
［
B
］
burning
（
燃烧）
；
［
D
］
features
（特征，特点）
；
［
F
］
moisture
（湿气，水分）
；
［
G
］
sweat
（汗水）
；
［
H
］
characteristic
（特点，特征）
；
［
K
］
roles
（作用，角色）
；
［
L
］
screwing
（车削螺纹）
；
< br>［
M
］
frowning(
皱眉
)
；
［
N
］
impact
（影响，
碰撞）
；
［
O
］
entering
（输
入，进入）
<
/p>
动词：
［
B
］<
/p>
burning
（燃烧，扎痛）
；
［
D
］
features
（以
…
为特色，特写）
；
［
G
］
sweat
（出
汗）
；
［
J
］
direct<
/p>
（指引，指导）
；
［
L
］
screwing
（拧紧，加强）
；
［
M
］
frowning
（皱眉，反
对）
；
［
N
］
impact<
/p>
（对
…
发生影响，撞击）
；
［
O
］
entering
（进入，参加）
<
/p>
形容词：
［
A
］
unattractive
（不美的
，无魅力的）
；
［
B
< br>］
burning
（燃烧的，
严重的）
；
［
H
］
characteristic
（典型的，特有的）
；
［
I
］
hairy
（毛发的，多毛的）
；
［
J
］
direct
（直接的，直
率的）
副词
：
［
C
］
<
/p>
completely
（完全地，十分地）
；
［
E
］
fairly
（相当地，公正地）
；<
/p>
［
J
］
direct
（径
直地，直接地）
47
．
【解析】选［
F<
/p>
］
。空前的动词
keep
及空后的副词
out
提示所填词应为名
词。文章首句为本文的中心句，
即：
眉毛在我们的生命
中起着举足轻重的作用。本句句首的
first of all
表明此句是要说明眉毛的第一个作用。而根据下句中的
eyebrows keep
our eyes dry
from rain or sweat
< br>可知，眉毛的第一个作用是防止雨水或汗水流入眼睛。由此可以判断所填
词应与水
有关，备选名词中符合要求的有［
F
］
moisture
和［
G
］
sweat
，但既含有
“
雨水
”
之意
又含有
“
汗水
”
之意的只有
moisture
，故答案为［
< br>F
］
moisture
（湿气，水分）
。
48
．
【解析】选［
I
］
。空前的形容词性物主代词
our
< br>和空后的名词
eyebrows
提示所填词应修
饰
eyebrows
，故所填词可能为形容词或
名词或动词的分词形式。从语义及逻辑关系上来看，
备选形容词中［
A
］
unattractive
和［
I
］
<
/p>
hairy
都可以修饰
eyebrows
，但由于此处不是在讲
eyebrows
的美观问题，而是在讲
eyebrows
的防止水分流入眼睛
的作用，这种作用主要源于
眉毛的毛发状，故答案为［
I
］
hairy
（毛
发的）
。
49
．
【解析】选［
J
］
。分析句子结构可知，所填词在句中充当谓语，故应为动词。联系上下
文可知本
句仍然是在讲眉毛的作用：使水或汗不能流入眼睛。下一句是对本句的补充，即：
眉毛能
guide the rain or sweat around to the
side of our faces
（把雨水或汗水引向脸的周边部
< br>位）
。备选动词中与
guide
同义，都含有
“
引导
”
意思的只有［
J
］
direc
t
（引导）
。
50
．
【解析】选［
E
］
。空后的宾语补足语
dry
提示所填词应该为修饰形容词
dry
的副词。由
上面的分析可知，此空所在的动名词短语仍然应该表达
“
眉毛能够保持眼睛干爽
”
这一含义。
备选副词只有［
C
］
completely
和［
E
］
fairly
能使句子语义通顺
，而根据常识可知，眉毛
能够防止水流入眼睛这种作用并不是绝对的，故可排除［
C
］
comple
tely
（绝对的）
，答案
为［
E
］
fairly
（相当地）
。
51
．
【解析】
选
< br>［
B
］
。
空后的连词
or
提示所填词应为动名词，
以与
irritating
并列。
irritating our
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
eyes
意为
“
刺激我们的眼睛
”
，
由此可判断所填词的含义也应能表示
salt
y sweat
对眼睛的伤害，
备选动名词中只有［
B
］
burning
（扎痛）符合要求。
52
．
【解析】选［
< br>K
］
。空前的
other
提示所填词为名词。本句末的
also
表明此
处要讲的内容
与上文内容是并列关系，主要还是讲
eyebro
ws
的作用。由此可以判断所填词应该能使本句
表达出
“eyebrows
还有其他作用
”
的含义。备选名词中只有［
K
］
< br>
roles
符合要求，为本题答
案。
53
．
【解析】
选
［
D
］
。
空前的形容词
facial<
/p>
提示所填词应为名词。
结合空后的
eye
brows help us
determine…
（眉毛能
使我们不用问就知道别人的心情如何）和空前的介词短语中的
most
expressive facial…
可以推断出眉毛是一种
能够表达人内心感受的面部
…
。查看备选项，不难
判断出
facial53
应该表示
< br>“
面部特征
”
，但［
H
］
characte
ristic
泛指事物的特征，而
feature
则
偏指面部的特征，例如眉毛、眼睛和嘴唇等。本句主题有关眉毛，故答案为
［
D
］
fe
atures
（特征）
。
54
．
【
解析】
选
［
M
］
。
根据常识可知，
如果一个人
mad or upset
（生气或难过）
，
那么他的
eyebrows
应该是皱着的，
备选项中
［
M
］
frowning
和
［
L
］
sc
rewing
都能与
eyebrow
搭
配表示
“
皱眉
”
，
但
screw eyebrows
仅仅表示眉毛皱起，
不暗含任何表情；
而
frown eyebrows
偏指因内心不满
而皱眉。故答
案为［
M
］
frowning
（皱眉）
。
55
．
【解析】选［
N
］
。空前的不定冠词
an
和形容词
increasing
提示所填词应为单
数名词。根
据介词
on
后的宾语
beauty or fashion culture
和末句对什么
样的眉毛才是好看的眉毛的诠释，
可以推断出本句主要讲眉毛对美貌的影响。
备选名词中符合要求的只有
［
N
< br>］
impact
（
影响）
。
56
．
【解析】选［
A
］<
/p>
。连词
while
连接的并列句的意义间
存在对比关系。后一分句讲的是什
么样的眉毛才是
attrac
tive
（好看的）
，根据两个句子意义上的对比关系可知，空
格所在的分
句应该讲什么样的眉毛不好看。备选项中［
A
］
unattractive
是
attractive
的反义词，正符合
本句要求，故答案为［
A
］
unattractive
（不美的，无魅力的）
。
【文章译文】
很多女性对眼睛上的细小毛发或拔，或染，或刺，或纹，而这些毛发对我们
至关重要。
首先，
这些毛发可以防止眼睛进水。
好像雨伞保护我们的身体不被雨水淋湿一样，
眉毛可以让眼睛不被雨
水或汗水浸湿。
当下雨或脑门上滴下汗珠时，
眉毛可以将水或汗
引离
眼睛。
拱形的眉毛可以将雨水或汗水引到脸两侧，
使眼睛保持干燥。眉毛挡住水或汗，
不仅
让我们
看得更清楚，
还可以避免含盐的汗水烧伤刺激眼睛。
眉毛还有别
的作用。
眉毛是我们
面部最具表达能力的特征之一，
可以帮助我们不用询问就可以判断人们的感受。
如果某人的
眉毛皱了起来，
那么他可能很生气或很恼火。
此外，<
/p>
近年来眉毛对美丽和时尚文化的影响越
来越大。
< br>浓密粗大的眉毛往往被认为不美观，
而修整过的纤细眉毛被认为更美观。
Section B
Passage One
【文章大意】
本文主要介绍了美国的民歌和民谣。民歌和民谣是民族特色的
象征，美
国的民歌、
民谣和通俗小说都不是由平民百姓创造的，
其最初目的只是为了娱乐大众，
而且
最
主要是为了赚钱，但也为研究美国的传统特点提供了大量的物质素材。
57
．
【解析】
选
［
B
］
。
事实细节题。
文章第一段第一句指出，
长期以来，
the ballad and the folk
song
（民谣和民歌）被人们认为是
important keys to
the thoughts and feelings
（研究一个民族
思想感情的钥匙）
，而
dime
novel
（通俗小说）则被人一笑而过。可见，在人们看来，前者
是重要的
indication of a
society
?s culture
，而后者的地位则很低，
故答案为［
B
］
。
58
．
【解析】
选
［
B
］
。
事实细节题。
文章第二段第一句指出，
< br>Neither folk songs nor dime novels
（民谣和通俗小说都不是）被
the plain
people of America
（普通的美国人）创造的，
［
B
］表
述符合原文，故为答案。<
/p>
59
．
【解析
】
选
［
C
］<
/p>
。
语义理解题。
文章第二段指出，
the ballad and the folk
song
和
dime novel
都不
是美国的平民百姓创造的，
接着作者指出只是由于人们对这些表现形式作了贡献，
所以
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
这些作品也属于他们。由此可知，
these modes
of expression
指的是
the
ballad
，
folk
songs
和
dime novels
，
［
C
］属于表现形式之一，故为答案
。
60
．
【
解析】
选
［
B
］
。
事实细节题。
文章第二段第三句中
的
intended as it was… designed to fill
the pockets of both author and publishe
r
表明，
人们写通俗小说的首要目的就是
make money
（
赚
钱）
，故答案为［
B
］
。
61
．
【
解析】选［
C
］
。事实细节题。文章第
四段第一句指出，尽管单靠研究通俗小说并不能
使人们对
the
essential characteristics of the American traditio
n
（美国传统的本质特征）得出定
论，但它能够为此
contribute materially
（提供许多素材）
，故答案为［
C
］
。<
/p>
【文章译文】
［
57
］民歌和民谣很久以前就已经被认定为了解一个种族的
思想感情的关键
因素，
而对于通俗小说，
尽管由收集者收集整理，
并普遍被社会历史学家所遵从，
但几
乎所
有其他人都会对其一笑置之。
［
5
8
］
［
59
］
民歌和通俗小说其实都不是美国老百姓创作的。
但
他们都对这些
作品的表现手法做了贡献，所以这些作品也属于他们。
［
60<
/p>
］通俗小说原本只
面向大众，
是作者和出
版商用来赚钱的东西，
但后来自然而然地出现了一种最不可能发生的
情况：
受到欢迎的主题以及得到最普遍认同的态度成为了一种固定模式。
而且，
通俗小说所
反映的态度及观点远比民歌和民
谣所反映的丰富，
是美国最接近真正的
“
无产阶级
”
文学的作
品，而
“
无产阶级
”
文学是写
给广泛的大众的，而且实际读者也是广泛的大众。
［
61
］尽管没
有人可以仅仅通过单独一项通俗小说的研究就确定美国传统的
基本特色是什么，
但这项研究
可以为得出这一结论提供素材。<
/p>
那些探究了美国文学表达中多个难题的勤奋的研究者们迟早
会将注
意力转向这些通俗小说以及这些小说的各个种类。
但不要以为曾被士兵、
伐木工、
列
车员、
女雇员和小
伙子爱不释手的马哈鱼简装本如今会像社会或历史情节那样让历史学家读
起来情趣盎然。
至于如今那些从电影或画报中感受惊悚乐趣的人，
我担心他们会
认为这些早
年间的惊悚事物索然无味。
Passage Two
【文章大意】
本文介绍了心理学家对生活在英国的孟加拉国妇女所做的一个
试验。由
于有色人群所面临的特殊问题常常得不到承认，
以致他
们在心理治疗方面受到了不公正的待
遇。
比如试验中的孟加拉国
妇女的焦虑问题就因为医生们没有认识到问题的关键所在而没有
得到较好治疗。
试验表明用西方的模式治疗有色人群的心理问题是可行的，
但是势必会遇
到
一些因文化差异引起的障碍以及受到种族主义的影响，因此需要更多经济和政治上的支
持。
62
．
【解析】选［
D
］
。语义理解题。文章
第一段第二句提到，
“color blind”
听起来是不错
，但
实际中有色人群会
get an unfair trea
tment
（得到不公正的待遇）
，由此可推断
“color blind”
本
来是指公正地对待有色
人群，即要忽略肤色的差异，对有色人群一视同仁，故答案为［
D
］
。
“color blind”
本
意是
“
忽视颜色、色盲
”
，此处比喻要同等对待不同肤色的人。
63
．
【解析】
选
［
B
］
。
事实细节题
。
文章第二段最后一句提到，
因为
un
derlying causes remained
（潜在的原因没有消除）
，所以这些孟加拉国妇女
with
increasing
frequency
< br>（更频繁地）看
医生，
［
B
］为原文同义转述，故为答案。
64
．
【解析】选［
A
］
。事实细节题。文章第三段第二、三句提到，心理学家发现他们不得不
对标准方法（指治疗焦虑症的标准方法）进行调整，因为一些在英国常用的治疗
anxiety
problems
的方法对孟加拉国妇女来说
not…culturally
appropriate
（在文化上不合适）
，即
cultural
background
差异造成了应用困难，故答案为［
A
］
。
65
．
【解析】选［
A
］
。推理判断题。文章第四段提到，这个
pilot proje
ct
（小规模试验计划）
有很多不足，具体表现在
psychologists
没有收集足够多的
ob
jective
data
（客观资料）
，其原
因是
psychologists
陷入了
the
white
stereotype
（对有色人群的成见）
，因为
racism
has
conditioned the professionals…
（他们潜意识中受了种族主义的影响）
，
［
A
］为原文的同义转
述，故为答案。
< br>
长喜英语北文网校
学英语
找长喜
66
．
【解析】选［
C
］
< br>。主旨大意题。第一段第二句揭示了文章的主要话题，即黑人和其他种
族群体在实
际生活中
get an unfair
treatment
，因为他们的问题
seldom ackn
owledged
（没有得
到足够的重视）
，第二段开始将这种不公正待遇缩小到
mental problems
（心理疾病）范围，
下文也都是围绕这一问题展开，
所以文章主旨可概括为
mental problems of ethnic
groups
没有
得到
due rec
ognition
（应有的关注）
，故答案为［
C
］
。
【文章译文】
心理健康专家的培训应该做到没有肤色歧视。
［
62
］
［
66
］这听起来
不错，但
实际上这意味着，
由于黑人即其他种族群体的特殊问题
很少被认可，
所以他们会受到不公平
待遇。
所以一项牵扯到孟加拉妇女的项目在伦敦市中心展开试验，
这些孟加拉妇女是在二十
世纪六十至七十年代从农村迁到英国定居的。
这其中的很多妇女
都因为焦虑带来的普遍症状
去看医生，如头疼、失眠、食欲不振以及精力匮乏。医生通常
给她们开镇定剂，或甚至是维
生素
C
。
［
63
］由于潜在的病因依然存在，所
以这些妇女看医生的频率越来越高，有一部分
则被告知去看心理健康专家。
心理学家们想看看西方解决焦虑问题的办法在跨文化应用时是
如何生效的。<
/p>
［
64
］然而，他们发现标准办法中的很
多方面必须更改。他们必须改变很多往
常的实例
——
比如，
他们以往一般会将学习放松与学习开车进行比较，
< br>而这本来在文化上是
不恰当的。起初他们让那些妇女在
1
到
10
之间给她们的焦虑缓解水平打分
。但后来他们发
现用数字来表达感受的方式很古怪。所以心理学家们将重心转移到文字上
，并谈到了从
“
非
常好
”
到
“
非常差
”
的五个阶段。
［
65
］由于这是一个试验性项目，所以有一些不足。心理学家
们只找了极少
量的候补人员，
如果是对白人进行试验的话，
收集到的客观数据
会更多。
他们
陷入了白人的思维模式当中，
假定孟加拉妇女会对用各种检查表和文字记录进行试验的方式
感到陌生。
也许专家们受种族主义影响的程度比他们自己想象的要深得多。
心理学家们
发现，
跨文化使用西方的模式是可行的，但这需要政治、金融以及个人支持。
Test 2
Part II
Reading Comprehension (Skimming and
Scanning)
(15 minutes)How
to Read Body Language
All of us communicate with
one another nonverbally, as well as with
words. Most of the time
we
?re not aware that we?re doing it. We
gesture with eyebrows or a
hand,
meet
someone
else
?s
eyes
and
look
away,
shift
positions
in
a
chair.
These
actions
we
assume are random and incidental. But
researchers have discovered in recent years that
there is a
system
to
them
almost
as
consistent
and
comprehensible
as
language.
Every
culture
has
its
own body language, and
children absorb its nuances along with spoken
language. A Frenchman
talks and moves
in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs
is nothing like the way a male
American
does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a
statement with a droop of the head or
hand and a lowering of the eyelid. They
wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a tilt
of the chin
or a widening of the eyes.
With a future
?tense verb they often
gesture with a forward movement.
There are regional idioms
too: An expert can sometimes pick out a native of
Wisconsin just by the
way
he
uses
his
eyebrows
during
conversation.
Your
sex,
ethnic
background,
social
class
and
personal style all influence your body
language. Nevertheless, you move and gesture
within the
American idiom.
The person who is truly
bilingual is also bilingual in body language. New
York
?s
famous
mayor,
Fiorello
La
Guaridia,
politicked
in
English,
Italian
and
Yiddish.
When
films of his speeches are run without
sound, it
?s not too
difficu
lt to identify from his gestures
the
language he was speaking. One of
the reasons English
?dubbed foreign
films often seem flat is
that
the
gestures
don
?t
match
the
language.
Usually,
the
wordless
communication
acts
to
qualify
the
words.
What
the
nonverbal
elements
express
very
often,
and
very
efficiently,
is
the
emotional
side of the message. When a person feels liked or
disliked, often it
?s a case of “not
长喜英语北文网校