语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)

with

describing

comparable

features of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms

and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences

so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.

8)

Neurolinguisti cs

（神经语言学）

：

it is the study of two related areas

：

language

disorders

and

the

relationship

between

the

brain

and

language.

It

includes

research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain

performs,

how

and

in

which

parts

of

the

brain

language

is

stored,

and

how

damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.

9)

Predication analysis

述谓结构分析

：

①

It is proposed by the British Linguist G

.Leech.

②

The basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning

of a sentence.

③

This applies to all forms of a sentence.

④

A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.

10)

Cross- cultural

communication(intercultural

communication)

跨文化交流

：

it

is

communication

between

people

whose

cultural

perceptions

and

symbols

systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.

11)

Cross-associa tion

互相联想

：

In English we sometimes may come across words

which are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The

close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred

as cross-association.

12)

CPH

（

Critical

Period

Hypothesis

）临界期假说

：

a

specific

and

limited

time

period

for

language

acquisition.

①

The

strong

version

of

CPH

suggests

that

children

must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from

subsequent

exposure.

②

The

weak

version

holds

that

language

learning

will

be

more

difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s cases)

13)

Prescriptive

（

grammer

）

< br>规定语法

：

if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules

for

say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.

14)

Performance

语言运用；言语行为

：

the actual realization of this knowledge in

linguistic communication .

15)

Duality

双重性

(double

articulation)

：

lan guage

is

a

system,

which

consists

of

two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are

meaningless. The higher level can be meaningful.

五、问答题：

Chapter 1

1.

How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific

study of language?

Linguistics studies not any

particular language,but it studies languages in is a

scientific

study

because

it

is

based

on

the

systematic

investigation

of

linguistic

data,conducted

with

reference

to

some

general

theory

of

language

order

to

discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do

first

is

to

collect

and

observe

language

facts,which

are

found

to

display

some

similarities

,and

generalizations

are

made

about

them,then

he

formulates

some

hypotheses

about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly

against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.

6.

How

is

Saussure

’

s

distinction

between

langue

and

parole

similar

to

Chomsky

’

s

distinction between competence and performance?

Both

Saussure

and Chomsky

make

the

distinction

between

the

abstract

language

system

and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious

study

They are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.

On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all the

members of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use.

Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s

knowledge of the rules of his language, and

performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can

see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge,

and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.

On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from

parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks

linguists should study t

he ideal speaker’s competence, not

his performance, which is too

haphazard to be studied.

Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky

looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind

of each individual.

8.

What are the main features of human language that have been specified by t

to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?

1)

Arbitrariness:

this

means

that

there

is

no

logical

connection

between

meanings

and

sounds.

A

good

example

is

the

fact

that

different

sounds

are

used

to

refer

to

the

same

object in different language.

2)

Productivity:

Language

is

productive

in

that

it

makes

possible

the

construction

and

interpretation of new signals of its users.

3)

Duality:

language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At

the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the

sounds

of

language

can

be

grouped

and

regrouped

into

a

large

number

of

units

of

meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.

4)

Displacement:

Language can be use to refer to things which are present or not present, real

or imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words,

language can be used to refer to contexts removed from

the immediate situations

of the

speaker.

5)

Cultural transmission:

Language is passed on from one generation to next through teaching

and learning rather than by instinct.

Chapter 2

n with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ?

Broad transcription

—

one letter symbol for one sound.

Narrow

transcrip tion

—

diacritics

are

added

to

the

one-letter

symbols

to

show

the

finer

differences between sounds.

In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]

8

.what’s

a

phone?

how

is

it

different

from

a

phoneme?

how

are

allophones

related

to

a

phoneme?

①

A phone

is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during

linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do,

some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].

②

A phoneme

is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a

particular

sound,

but

it

is

represented

by

a

certain

phone

in

certain

phonetic

context,

e.g.

the

phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].

③

Allophone

—

the

phones

that

can

represent

a

phoneme

in

different

phonetic

environments

Phone is different from phoneme,

The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/