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(英语语法)现在分词、过去分词和动名词的用法

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2021-02-12 22:57
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2021年2月12日发(作者:梅内)



现在分词和过去分词的用法





1)As Lily missed the bus, she was late for the class.


Missing the bus, she was late for the class.


2)As the student was scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.


scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.



一、现在分词



(一)现在分词的定义:






现在分词



Present Part iciple



(


又称


-ing


形式、现在进行式


)


,是分词的一种,由


动词原形


+ing


形式组


成。具有双重性,一面具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语;另一面具有 形容词和副词的特征,


可以充当表语,定语,状语,补足语,可以表示主动或正在进行的 动作,是非谓语动词的一种。




(二)现在分词的功能与用法:



1.


作定语



单个分词作定语时放在所修饰 的名词前,


分词短语作定语时放在后,


并且名词与现在分词之间 存有


逻辑上的主谓关系。一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。




e.g.



a


running


boy



?










a boy


who is running










an old man


standing there


?





an old man


who is standing there




例如:



The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not










specific qualifications.





A. requiring











B. to be required









C. being required







D. to have required



2.


作补语





只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补


:






1


)感官动词



s ee



hear



watch



feel



notice



observe



find



listen to



look at





2


)使役 动词



have



get



make






注意:


要想用现在分词来作宾补


,


只能是用于这些词后


,

< br>但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现


在分词(有些后面可以加不带


to


的不定式作宾补)。





eg. I saw Thomas


playing


computer games



.









Don



t have the students


studying


all day.




注意


< /p>


:宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在


逻辑上的主谓关系

< p>
,即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。




3.


作表语






(1)


分词作表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词作表语,一种是过去分词作表语,究竟是用现在 分词


还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如


excite



interest



都是及物动词,汉语意思不是



激动




< p>
高兴



,而是



使激动





使高兴



,因而现在分词应该是



令人激


动的





令人高兴的



,过去分词则是



感到激动的

< br>”




感到高兴的



。所以,


凡表示



令人


……




都是-


ing


形式



凡是表示



感到


……”


都用-


ed


形式


。这类词常见的有:





interesting


使人感到高兴








interested


感到高兴的





exciting


令人激动的













excited


感到激动的



1



















delighting


令人高兴的











delighted


感到高兴的



di sappointing


令人失望的








disappointed


感到失望的



encouraging


令人鼓舞的








encouraged


感到鼓舞的



pleasing


令人愉快的












pleased


感到愉快的



puzzling


令人费解的












puzzled


感到费解的



satisfying


令人满意的











satisfied


感到满意的



surprising


令人惊异的











surprised


感到惊异的



worrying


令人担心的












worried


感到担心的





如:


Traveling is


interesting


but


tiring


.






The pupils will get


confused


if they learn too much at a time.







如果让学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。



4.


作状语






现在分 词作状语多表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式、伴随等。


思考题


1



请将下列句子中的现在 分词短语转化为相应的状语从句:



Walking in the street, I saw him.




(


时间状语


)


Working hard, you will succeed.



(条件状语)




Being ill, she stayed at home.






(原因状语)





Having failed many times, he didn



t lose heart.


(让步状语)





His parents died, leaving him an orphan.





(结果状语)





Please answer the question using another way.




(


方式状语


)




He entered the classroom, taking a book in his hand.


(伴随状语)






注意:


有 些惯用的分词短语在句中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在:



generally speaking


一般来说












Judging from/by



……


判断出



strictly speaking



严格来说













roughly speaking



大致来说



narrowly speaking



狭义上说












broadly speaking



广义上说




(三)现在分词的独立主格



独立主格 结构



Independent Genitive

< p>
)有两部分组成,前一部份是


名词


或者

< p>
代词


,后一部分是


非谓


语 动词


(


不定式、动名词和分词


)


或形容词、副词、或介词短语


。前后两部分具有


逻辑主谓关系


。独立主


格结构在句中做状语,


多用于书面语。



独立主格结构本身不是句子,


在句子中作状语,


表示时间、


原因、


条件、伴随、目的等。





e.g.


Winter coming



it gets colder and colder




< br>it


在句中指代的是



天气












Weather



permitting,


we will go outing this weekend.



思考题


2



请将以上两个句子中的独立主格结构改为 相应的状语从句。



(四)现在分词的时态与语态:



2



时态












语态



一般式



完成式







现在分词的一般式


:


主动式



doing


having done


被动式



being done


having been done




(1)


现在分词的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如:





She sat there


reading a novel


.







(2)


现在分词的一般式所表示的动作有时在谓语动词的动作 之前发生。如:





Going into the room



he shut the door.




走进房间,他就关上了门。



现在分词的完成式


:





现在分词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。





Having finished her homework


, the little boy began to watch TV.




做完作业后,这个小男孩开始看电视。



现在分词的被动式


:



现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。





(1)


现在分词的一般被动式


。如:





The building


being built


is our library.







(2)


现在分词的完成被动式


。如:





Having been told many times


, he still did not know how to do it.




(人家)已经告诉他多少次了,他还是不知道怎么做。




思考题


3



请将下列两个句子中的现在分词短语改为相应的定语从句或状语从句。

< br>


1. The question


being discussed


is of great importance.



2.


Having been warned by the teacher


, the students didn’t make such mistakes.



例如:



1.________in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.



A. To wait








B. Have waited







C. Having waited







D. To have waited



ing to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week ______TV.



A. to watch








B. to watch











C. watching











D. watch



flu is believed _______ be viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.



A. causing









B. being caused








C. to be caused







D. to have caused



flowers ______ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.



A. to smell









B. smelling











C. smelt














D. to be smelt





t leave the water ______ while you brush your teeth.





A. run









B. running











C. being run
















D. to run



see you as something of a worrier, ______ problems which don



t exist and crossing bridges long


before you come to them.



A. settling






B. discovering








C. seeing










D. designing



3



答:选


C



解析:


根据句意



他们把你看成是一个 杞人忧天的人,常常考虑一些并不存在的问题,


为那些尚未发生的事情而烦恼。



可知,


只有


see< /p>


才有



考虑


”< /p>


之意。


settle


解决;

< p>
discover


发现;


design

< p>
设计。





news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left.



A. to tell








B. to be told







C. telling













D. told



were silly not _____ your car.



A. to lock







B. to have locked






C. locking









D. having locked



man insisted _______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.



A. find









B. to find














C. on finding







D. in finding



old man, _______ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.





A. to work








B. working





C. to have worked









D. having worked



参考答案:




1



10 CCCBB




CBBCD






二、过去分词



(一)过去分词的概念



过去分词只有 一种形式,没有主动语态,它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过


去分词在 句中可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时,其逻辑主语


一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者。



(二)过去分词的功能与用法




1


)作定语



过去分词作定语时,如果这个分词是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是分词短 语,


就位于其修饰的名词之后。


被过去分词所修饰的名词,


就是该分词的逻辑主语,


如:


The


stolen


car was


found by the police last week.




2


)作表语



过去分词作表语时,表示其逻辑主语所处的状态,其逻辑主语就是句中的主语,如:


The glass


is


broken


.




这个玻璃杯是破的。



作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词,如:


crowded,


devoted,


discouraged,


done,


dressed,


drunk,


experienced,


frightened,


gone,


hurt,


interested,


killed,


known,


learned,


lost,


pleased,


satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered


等。



注意:


过去分词作表语时,和动词的被动语态结构相似,但两者 表达的意义不同,如:



The glass was


broken


by my little brother.



这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的



< /p>



3


)作宾语补足语


4


-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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