-
现代语言学
1
language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols used for human communication.
1
interlanguage:
The
type
of
language
produced
by
nonnative
speakers
in
the
process
of
learning
a
second
language
or foreign language.
1
Linguistics :
Linguistics is generally
defined as the scientific study of
language
2
Phonetics :
The study of sounds which
are used in linguistics communication is called
example,vowels and
consonants
3
Phonology”
:
The
study
of
how
sounds
are
put
together
and
used
in
communication
is
called
example,phone,phoneme,and
allophone.
4
Morphology
形态学
:
The study of
the way in which morphemes are arranged to form
words is called
example,boy and
“ish”
---boyish,teach---
teacher.
5
Syntax
句型
:
The
study
of
how
morphemes
and
words
are
combined
to
form
sentences
is
called
esample,”John like
linguistics.
”
6
Semantics
语义学
:
The
study of meaning in language is called semantics.
For example,:The seal could not be
zoo
keeper became worr
ied.” The seal could
not be found,The king became worried.” Here the
word seal means different
things.
7
Pragmatics
语用学
:
The study of meaning in context of use
is called example, “I do” The word do means
different context.
二
音系学
1
Phonetics:
The study of sounds that are
used in linguistic communication is called
phonetics.
2 Phonology:
The study of how sounds are put
together and used in communication is called
phonology.
3 Phone:
Phone can be simply defined as the
speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A
phone is a phonetic unit
or segement.
It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some
do,some don’t.
4
Phoneme
音素
:
Phonology is concerned with the speech
sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit
in phonology
is called phoneme;it is a
unit that is of distinctive value.
5 allophone
同位音
:
The different phones which can
represent a phoneme in different phonetic
environment are called the
allophones
of that phoneme.
6 Complementary distribution:
These two allophones of the same
phoneme are said to be in complementary
distribution.
7
Minimal pair:
When two different forms
are identical in every way except for one sound
segement which occurs in the
same place
in the stings, the two words are said to form a
minimal pair.
10
intonation
朗诵
:
When pitch, stress and sound length are
tied to the sentence rather than the word in
isolation, they are
collectively
known
as
intonation.
Intonation
plays
an
important
role
in
conveying
meaning
in
almost
every
language,especially in a language like
English{$$isbest}
三
形态学
1 morphology:
Morphology is a branch of grammer which
studies the internal structure of words and the
rules by which
words are
formed
.
2
inflectional morphology:
Inflectional
morphology studies the inflections of word-
formation.
3 derivational
morphology:
Derivational morphology is
the study of word-formation.
4 morpheme
词素
:
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful
unit of language.
5 free morpheme:
Free
morpheme are the morphemes which are independent
units of meaning and can be used freely all
by themselces or in combination with
other morphemes.
6 bound
morpheme:
Bound morphemes are the
morphemes which cannot be used independently but
have to be combined
with other
morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
7 root:
A root
is often seen as part of a word; it can never
stand by itself although it bears clear,definite
meaning; it must be