复制语言学基本名词解释

英语语言学名词英英释义：绪论（

1

）

1 Linguisitics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language

2

Phonetics

:

The

study

of

sounds

which

are

used

in

linguistics

communication

is

called phonetics. For example,vowels and consonants

3

Phonology

”

:

The

study

of

how

sounds

are

put

together

and

used

in

communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone.

4

Morphology

:The

study

of

the

way

in

which

morphemes

are

arranged

to

form

words is called morphology.

For example, boy and

“

ish

”

---boyish, teach---teacher.

5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences

is called syntax. For example,

”

John like linguistics.

”

6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example, :The

seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.

”

The seal could not be

found, The king became worried.

”

Here the word seal means different things.

7

Pragmatics:

The

study

of

meaning

in

context

of

use

is

called

pragmatics.

For

example,

“

I do

”

The word do means different context.

8

Sociolinguistics:

The

study

of

language

with

reference

to

society

is

called

sociolinguistics. For example, regional dialects, social variation in language.

9

Psycholinguistics:

The

study

of

language

with

reference

to

workings

of

mind

is

called psycholinguistics.

英语语言学名词英英释义：音系学（

2

）

1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called

phonetics.

2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication

is called phonology.

3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a

language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish

meaning; some do, some don

’

t.

4

Phoneme:

Phonology

is

concerned

with

the

speech

sounds

which

distinguish

meaning.

The

basic

unit

in

phonology

is

called

phoneme;

it

is

a

unit

that

is

of

distinctive value.

5

allophone:

The

different

phones

which

can

represent

a

phoneme

in

different

phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.

6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said

to be in compkenebtary distribution.

7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one

sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said

to form a minimal pair.

8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is

pronounced with great force than the other or others.

9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration

of

the

vocal

cords.

Pitch

variations

can

distinguish

meaning

just

like

phoneme;

therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.

10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather

than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays

an

important

role

in

conveying

meaning

in

almost

every

language,

especially

in

a

language like English.

英语语言学名词英英释义：形态学（

3

）

1

morphology:

Morphology

is

a

branch

of

grammar

which

studies

the

internal

structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

2

inflectional

morphology:

Inflectional

morphology

studies

the

inflections

of

word-formation.

3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.

4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units

of

meaning

and

can

be used freely

all by themselces

or

in

combination with

other

morphemes.

6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used

independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound,

to form a word.

7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it

bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to

form a word.

8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.

9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.

10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the

original word and in many cases change its part of speech.

11

derivation:

Derivation

affixes

are

added

to

an

existing

form

to

create

a

word.

Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form new words.

12

compounding:

Like

derivation,

compounding

is

another

popular

and

important

way

of

forming

new

words

in

English.

Compounding

can

be

viewed

as

the

combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.

英语语言学名词英英释义：句法学（

4

）

1 linguistic competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user

’

s knowledge

of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge

in linguistic communication.

2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a

number of words to form a complete statement question or command.

3

transformation

rules:

Syntactic

movement

is

governed

by

transformational

rules.

The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation

of a sentence.

4

D-structure

:

A

sentence

may

have

two

levels

of

syntactic

representation.

One

exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In

formal

linguistic

exploration,

these

two

syntactic

representation

are

commonly

termed as D-structure.

5 Move

а

: Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules, i,e. the X-bar

schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of

any constituent movement.

英语语言学名词英英释义：语义学（

5

）

1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.

2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is

the

collection

of

all

the

features

of

the

linguistic

form;

it

is

abstract

and

decontextualized.

3

reference

:

Reference means

what

a

linguistic form refers to in the

real,

physical

world;

it

deals

with

the

relationship

between

the

linguistic

element

and

the

non-linguistic world of experience.

4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words

that are close in meaning are called synonymy.

5

polysemy

:

Polysemy

refers

to

the

fact

that

the

same

one

word

may

have

more

than

one

meaning.

A

word

having

more

than

one

meaning

is

called

a

polysemic

word.

6

antonymy

:

Antonymy

refers

to

the

oppositeness

of

meaning.

Words

that

are

opposite in meaning are called antonyms.

7

homonymy

:

Homonymy

refers

to

the

phenomenon

that

words

having

different

meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling,

or in both.

8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more

inclusive word and a more specific word.

9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It

was proposed by structural semanticists.

10

grammatical

meaning

:

The

grammatical

meaning

of

a

sentence

refers

to

its

grammaticality,

i.e.

its

grammatical

well-formedness.

The

grammaticality

of

a

sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.

11

semantic

meaning

:

The

semantic

meaning

of

a

sentence

is

governed

by

rules

called selectional restrictions.

12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication.

The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

英语语言学名词英英释义：语用学（

6

）

1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language

use sentences to effect successful communication.

2

context:

The

notion

of

context

is

essential

to

the

pragmatic

study

of

language.

Generally

speaking,

it

consists

of

the

knowledge

that

is

shared by the speaker

and

the hearer.

3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the

abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a