-
动词
ed
、动词
in
g
、动词不定式的用法
1
、定义
动词
-ed
和动词
-ing
形式常称作分词。他们既有动词的特征,又有形容词和副词的特征,在
p>
英语
中可以作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
2
、构成
(
1
)规则的动词后
< br>+ed
构成动词
-ed
形式,不
规则的需要记忆。动词
-ed
形式没有一般式和
完成式、主动语态和被动语态的变化。
(
2
)动词
-ing
p>
形式有一般式和完成式、主动语态和被动语态区别。
下列以及物动词
write
和不及物动词
go
列表示例:
< br>
write
go
主
动
被
动
动词<
/p>
-ing
一般式
writing being written going
动词
-ing
完成式
< br>
having written having been written
动词
-ed written
gone
3
、用法
(
1
)作定语
单个的分词作定语,一般置于所修饰的词前
< br>;
分词短语作定语置于所修饰的词后,相当于一
个定语从
句。如:
Many
excited people wanted to travel on the
underground.
许多兴奋的人们想乘地铁旅行。
The countries you referred to just now
belong to developing countries.
你刚才提到的那些国家属于发展中国家。
People developed a kind of
paper made from the fibers of plants.
=People developed a kind of paper
which/that was made from the fibers of plants.
人们研制出一种用植物纤维制成的纸。
The houses being built are
for the teachers.
=The
houses which/that are being built are for the
teachers.
正在(被)建的那些房子是给老师们的。
The little boy standing
over there is a classmate of mine.
站在那边的小男孩是我班的同学。
*
不定式、过去分词和现在分词作定语的区别
不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作;
现在分词作定语常表示正在进行的动作;
过去分词作定
语表示过
去的动作。如:
The
problem to be discussed tomorrow is very
important.
The problem
discussed yesterday is very important.
The problem being discussed now is very
important.
(
2
)作状语
a)
分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时,
分词的逻辑主语必须
与句子的主语保持一致。
分词作状语时,
必须与句中的
主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
b)
分词作状语形式的选择
形
式
意
义
v.+-ing (doing)
与句中主语构成逻辑上的主
谓关系,与句中谓语动词同时发生,或基本上同
时发生。
having+v.-ed
(having done)
与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,先于谓语动词发生。
v.+-ed (done)
与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
being +v.-ed
(being done)
与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系
,且与谓语动词同时发生,一般作原因状语
置于句首。
having been+ v-ed
(having been done)
与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词发生。
c)
分词作状语的句法功能
分词在句中作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、伴随等。分词作状语相当
于一个状语从句。如:
Hearing the news,we got excited. (=When
we heard the news,we got excited.)
Given more time,I can do it better.(=If
I am given more time,I can do it better.)
Having been told many
times,he still made the same mistake.
(=After he had been told many times,he
still made the same mistake. )
Not having understood the problem,
Betty went to the teacher for help.
(=Because Betty had not understood the
problem,she went to
the
teacher for help.)
They
went home earlier than usual today,leaving the
work unfinished.
The
teacher came into the lab,followed by some
students.
(=The teacher
came into the lab and was followed by the
students.)
(3)
作表语
通
常情况下现在分词作表语说明主语的性质特征;过去分词作表语说明主语的状态
兼有被动之意。如:
The situation here is
encouraging and we are encouraged.
Our classroom is very crowded.
After dinner,the boy
remained standing beside the table.
(4)
作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语,主要跟在一些感官动词和使役动词的后面
。如:
You’d better
have your hair cut if you are free tomorrow.
The lady found her valuable
necklace missing after the party.
Don’t keep the boy standing outside.
4
、关于动词
-ed
和动词
-ing
用法的几点说
明
(1)
动词
-ed
和动词
-ing
的否定形式由
not
加分词构成。否定词
not
永远在动词
-ed
或动词
-ing
的前面
.
如:
Not
having done it well,I tried again.
Not caring about his health,the old
engineer carried on his plan.
His not having finished the work on
time,he was punished by the boss.
(2)
通常分词作状语时
,分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如:
Having finished her
work,David’s mother went ho
me.
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