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介词by的用法解读

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2021-02-12 16:30
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2021年2月12日发(作者:potato什么意思)


by


小结



1.


用于被动语态的句子中


,


表示动作的执行者< /p>


,


意为




;









He was praised by the teacher.


他受到了老师的表扬。



The book was written by Lu Xun.


这本书是鲁迅写的。



2.< /p>


表示方式、方法、手段等


,


后常接无冠词 的名词或动名词


,


意为



通过


;



;








Don't judge a person by appearances.


勿以貌取人。



He made a living by teaching.


他以教书为生。


< /p>


3.


表示时间


,


意为




……



(


为止





不迟于


……”






He ought to be here by now.


他现在应该在这儿了。



By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.


到十岁时


,

他已学了约一


千个英语单词。



4 .


表示


(


增减


)


程度


,


尺寸数量等

< br>,


意为



……


的程度



< br>




the bullet missed me by two inches.


那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。



the rope needs to be longer by two feet.


这绳子需要再长两英尺。



5.


表示交通路线或工具


,


后接名词不 用冠词


,


意为




;








go by bus / plane / train


乘汽 车


(


飞机、火车


)



travel by land / sea / air


陆上


(


海上、空中

< p>
)


旅行



6.

< p>
表示位置


,


意为



在近旁


;



……


旁边





There is a pumping station by the river .


河边有个抽水站。


下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归 纳:




一、


by+


地点名词。表方位,意为:





旁边



。如 :


by the lake/river/tree/window/door


等。




She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the


path.( NMET90)


她搜索了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。




After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her


young and happy da ys.(2003


上海


·


春)


晚饭后,


她常坐在火旁,


有时长达一个小时地回 忆她


那青春、快乐的年代。




注:有时可表


:“




旁经过


”,


多与动词


go/walk/pass


等连用。




As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(N MET92


完形)


当我


们这些男生冲向 操场时,吉姆从桌旁溜过。




二、< /p>


by+


时间名词。


意为:





(已发生某事)



此时谓语多用完成时;

< br>最晚、


不迟于






之前



。如:


by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock


等。




By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003


上海


·


春)到去年年


底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了 。




The train leaves at 6:00 I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)


< br>车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。



< /p>


三、


by+


名词。可用来表方法、方式、 手段等。




1



by+the+


可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为:< /p>





计算,按




(



)”


。如:


by the


pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month

< p>
等。




Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)


城市里的女清洁工通常


按小时获得报酬。




In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.

< p>
在市场里,烟


叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。




2



by+


表示时间、


长度、


重量等总称的不可数 名词


(名词前不加冠词)



意为:





计算,





(



)”


。如:


by t ime/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area


等。




As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.


众所周知,行李的运费是按重


量计算的。




3



by+


交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)


。意为:



通过



,由




乘< /p>


…”


。如


by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air


等。



on


foot)



It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.(



by bus)(NMET93)


乘火车去那


儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。




“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(



water)for a change?”(N MET92)“



常乘火车去那儿。


” “


为何不尝试一下坐船呢?




4



by+


抽象名 词或具有抽象意义的普通名词


(名词前不加冠词,


不变复数)< /p>



意为:



靠< /p>




通过



,由



所致



。如:



by skill/determ ination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accide nt;


by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/ telegraph/hand/machine


等。




Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by


luck.(NMET2002


阅读)虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找,但他还是靠逻辑推

< br>理而非运气,找到了它。




I made a coat with my own was made by hand,not by machine.


我用双手织了一件外


套。它是用手工织的, 而不是机器织的。




5



by+


地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径,意为:



通过(某物、 某地)


,取道


…”


< br>如


:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads


等。




The man entered the room by the back door.


那人通过后门进入了房间。




6



by+


动词



ing.


意为:



通过


,靠



,凭


…”

< br>。如:



by waiting/practing/b egging/working/imitating


等。




He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)

他通过印刷著名作家的


作品而获得了巨大的财富。




Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by


learning.(2000


上 海


)


身体是靠锻炼强壮的,同样,大脑是靠学习开发的。




四、


by+


数量词。




1


、表升降、增减的程度。如:


by one-fifth/20 percent/



3/two feet


等。




With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)

产量上升


了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。




The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2 002


阅读


)



绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。




2


、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如:


by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine


yards/a hair`s breadth


等。




Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002


上海)幸运地是,那颗子弹差


一英寸就击中了上尉。




The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one

< p>
time.(NMET2001


阅读


)

< p>
那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。




五、


by+


身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体


/


衣物的某一部分, 常与动词


catch/seize/take/hold/grab

等连用。


如:


by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve


等。




The policeman caught the thief by the arm.


警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。




The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.


那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。




六、


by


的 常见短语:




by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by


oneself/by birth/by society/take…by surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by …/by my


watch


等。




by


的用法




作介词讲:




1.


在近处;在旁边




standing by the window



站在窗户旁边




a table by the bed



床边的桌子




2.


经;由;从




to enter by the door



由门进去




3.


经过






He walked by me.



他从我旁边走过。




4.


不迟于




By tomorrow he'll be here.



他明天就到这儿。




5.


被;由




written by Shakespeare



莎士比亚写的




6.


根据;按照




to play by the rules



按规则比赛




7.


相差




His horse won by a nose.



他的马以一鼻之差取胜。




8.



…< /p>


方式




She earned money by writing.



她靠写作挣钱。




We went by air.



我们乘飞机走。




9.


表示相(乘)除(以计算面积)




a room 15 feet by 20 feet



一间长


20


英尺宽


15


英尺的房间




to divide X by Y




Y



X



10.


逐一;连续




The animals went in 2 by 2.



动物两个两个地走进去。




11.


(指动物)由



所生





作副词讲:




1.


通过




Please let me by.



请让我过去。




2.


附近




Do it when nobody is by.



等附近没人时再做。




with


的用法讲解


-


最全的


with


用法



1



,



,



,




talk with a friend


与朋友谈话



learn farming with an old peasant


跟老农学习种田



fight [quarrel, argue] with sb.


跟某人打架

< br>[


争吵


,


辩论


]


[


说明表示动作的词


,


表示伴随


]


随着


,



...


同时



change


with the temperature


随着温度而变化



increase with years


逐年增加



be up with the dawn


黎明即起



W-these words he left the room.


他说完这些话便离开了房间。



3


表示使用的工具


,


手段


]




defend the motherland with one's life


用生命保卫祖国



dig with a pick


用镐挖掘



cut meat with a knife


用刀割肉



2


说明名词


,

表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质


]


具有


;


带有


;


加上


;


包括


...


在内



tea with sugar


加糖的茶水



a country with a long history


历史悠久的国家



4


表示一致


]



...


一边


,



...


一致


;


拥护


,


有利于



vote with sb.


投票赞成某人



with


的复合结构作独立主格






表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独 立结构,也可用


with


的复合结构:


with +


名词(代词)


+


现在分< /p>



/


过去分词


/


形容词


/


副词


/


不定式


/


介词短语。例如:







He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.


他举手着站在那儿。




典型例题






The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back





A. being tied




B. having tied




C. to be tied




D. tied








答案


D. with +


名词(代词)


+


分词


+


介词 短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用


with


来< /p>


引导。由于本句中名词





与分词




是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选


D.





注意


:



sympathize with sb.


同情某人



be with sb.


赞成某人


,


在某人一边



5 [

< br>表示随身携带


]



...


身边



Have you some money with you ?



(

身上


)


带钱了吗


?


Take an umbrella with you.


随身带把伞去。



[

< br>表示行为方式


]



...,


带着



Handle with care!


小心轻放


!


with accuracy


精确地



with smile


面带微笑地



serve the people with one's whole heart


全心全意地为人民服务



6 [


后面加复合宾语


,


表示伴随关系


]


walk with a stick in one's hand


手拿拐棍走路



sleep with the window open


开着窗睡觉



7 [


表示原因


,


条件


,


结果


,


让步等关系

< br>]


由于


,


因为


;



(



)...


情况下

;


如果有


;


虽然


,


尽管



jump with joy


高兴得跳起来



shake with cold


冷得发抖



She was dying with hunger.


她饿得要死了。



W-all his money, he is unhappy.


尽管他有那么多钱


,


他也并不愉快。



对于


,


关于


,



...


来说



They are friendly with us.


他们对我们很友好。



We are pleased with the house.


我们对这所房屋很满意。



It is day with us while it is night with them.


对于我们此时是白天


,


而对于他们则是夜晚。



8 [


与副词连用


,


构成祈使句


]


On with your shoes!


穿上鞋


!


Off with your clothes!


把衣服脱下来


!


Down with terrorism!


打倒恐怖主义


!

-


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