-
英语的虚词与实词
虚词
<
介词、代词、连词、冠词、数词
>
虚词没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分，包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词
:
而且还有一个重要的特点，那
就是，虚词没有词形的变化：
一、冠词
(art.
.)
：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：
a
，
an
，
the.
1.
不定
冠词
:a
，
an
2.
定冠词：
the
二、
介词
(prep.)
：
表示它后面的名词或
代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如
in
，
on
，
from
，
above
，
behind,
across, against,
along, around, among,
before, below, beneath, besides, beyond, despite,
during, except, front, including, inside, like,
into,
next,
near,
of,
onto,
out,
out
of,
outside,
over,
owning
to,
per,
regarding,
since,
through,
till,
towards,
under,
unlike, until, up,
upon, via, while, with, within,
without
…
1.
简单介词：是由一个单词构成的
介词。可分为三类：
①普通介词
:
如
at
，
by
，
for<
/p>
，
from
，
i
n
，
of
，
o
n
，
to
，
w
ith
等
②合成介词
:
如
onto
，
into
，
within
等
③分词
介词：如
including
等
2.
二重
介词：是由两个简单介词连用而构成的介词。
如：
from
behind
，
since
before
，
until
after
等
3.
短语介词：是由两个或两个以上
的词所组成的短语构成的介词。如：
in front
of
，
because
of
，
instead
of
等
三
、连词
(conj.)
：用来连接词、短语或句子。
按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词：
After,
although,
also,
and,
anywhere,
as,
as
long
as,
as
soon
as,
because,
before,
both
…
and
…
but,
considering,
either
…
or
…
even if, even so, even
though,, everywhere, for, hence, however, if, in
case, in order that,
instead of,
likewise, never, nevertheless, not
only
…
but also, now that,
once, or, otherwise, regardless, since, so, so
that, such that,
thus, till, until,
unless, when, whenever, wherever, whether, where,
while
…
1.
并列连词
①表示平行或对等关系的并列连词
：
and
，
both
< br>…
and
，
as well
as
，
not
only
…
but also
，
neither
…
nor
等
②表示转折关系的并列连词
:but
，
yet
，
while
等
③表示选择关系的并列连词：
or
，
either
…
or
等
④表示因果关系的并列连词：
for
，
so
等
2.
从属连词：是引导从句的连词
①引导名词性从句的连词：
that
，
whether
< br>，
if
②引导副词性从句的
连词：
when
，
while
，
as
，
since<
/p>
，
before
，
after
，
once
，
as
soon
as
，
until
，
till
，
because
，
now that
，
although
，
though
，
e
ven if
，
even
though
，
no matter
how
，
no matter what
，
whatever
，
howeve
r
，
whether
…
or
，
if
，
unless
，
so long
as
，
as long
as
，
in order
that
，
so that
，
so
…
that
，
as if
，
as though
，
than
，
wher
e
，
wherever
等
< br>四、
代词
(pron.)
：主要
用来代替名词
。
如：
all,
another,
any,
anybody,
anyone,
anything,
each,
either,
every,
everybody, everything, he, her,
himself, themselves, itself, I, it, me, mine,
yours, neither, nobody, none, nothing, other,
others,
so,
some,
something,
someone,
that,
these,
they,
this,
those,
us,
what,
whatever,
when,
whenever,
who,
whoever, whose, …
五、感叹词
(interj..)<
/p>
表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：
oh
，
well
，
hi
，
hello
一篇文章
10
个空，
一般
7
个空是
有提示
词的
，
相当于用所给词的正确形式填
空；另外
3
个是
没有提示词的
，需要我们填入连词，代词，介词，冠词等虚词。
1
）
.
名词前面一般用冠词，代词或介词等。
①
. A young man, while
traveling through a desert, came across a spring
of clear water. ________ water was sweet.
②
. Besides, shopping at this
time of the year was not ________ pleasant
experience.
③
. The young man
went home ________ a happy heart.
④
. Mo Yan won the Nobel
Prize for ________ great works.
⑤
._______ time going by, the
boy has grown into a strong man.
⑥
.The girl danced ______ the
music of Paul Mallrat’s band.
（
2
）
.
缺主语或宾语，一般填代词。
①
. Here are two bags. The
blue ________ is mine.
②
.
Suddenly the wall
moved
——
________ was made of
trees.
③
. New technologies
have made _________ possible to turn out new
products faster.
④
._________
is important for our students to exercise one hour
every day.
（
3
）
. <
/p>
并列的两个或多个单词，短语，或句子之间设空，一般填入并列连词
and, but, or
等。
①
. Each winner receives a
gold medal, a diploma ________ a sum of money.
②
. He was very tired from
doing this for a whole day, ________ he felt very
happy.
③
. Which do you
prefer, folk music ________ pop music?
（
4
）
. <
/p>
两句之间，如果不是并列句，则很可能是主从句，因此需要填入从属连词（
what
，
which
，
who, how,
when
等）<
/p>
。比如宾语从句，定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构，
分析到底
是什么从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。
①
. Finally he reached a
lonely island ________ was completely cut off from
the outside world.
②
.
________hard your try, it is difficult to lose
weight.
③
. If
you
happen to get lost in the wild, you’d better stay
________ you are.
④
. ________we have enough
evidence, we cannot win the case.
⑤
. Some children want to
challenge themselves by learning a language
different from______ their parents speak at
home.
⑥
.At the
same time, there had been a growing number of
overseas students ________came back to China after
study.
⑦
.My face turned red
on hearing ________ my mother said.
⑧
.______
_ she
couldn’t understand was _
______ fewer
and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
⑨
.It was the ability to do
the job ____ matters not where you come from or
what you are.
⑩
.No sooner
had she gone out___________ a student came to
visit her.
实词是指有实在意义，能
独立承担句子成分
的词，包括
名词
、
代词
、
形容词
、
副词
、
动词
和
数
词
。而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词，可谓变化多端：
1
、名词
(n.)
：
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名
称。如：
boy
，
morning
，
bag
，
bal
l
，
class
，
orange.
2
、形容词<
/p>
(adj..)
：
表示人或事物的性质或
特征。如：
good
，
right
，
white
，
o
range .
3
、数词
(num.)
：
表示数目或事物的顺序。如：<
/p>
one
，
two
，
three
，
first
，
second
，
thi
rd
，
fourth.
4
、动词
(v.)
：
表示动作或状态。如：
am
，
is
，
are
，
have
，
see .
5
、
副词
(a
dv.)
：
修饰动词、
形容词或其他副
词，
说明时间、
地点、
程度等。
如：
well
，
ve
ry
，
here
，
often
，
quietly
，<
/p>
slowly.
构词法
Word
Formation
在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种：
合成
、转化和派生。
一、
合成
Compounding
两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式：
1.
直接写在一起。
2.
用连字符
(-)
连接。
3.
由两个分开的词构成。
(1)
合成形容词
方式
1
形容词＋形容词
2
形容词＋名词
3
形容词＋现在分词
4
形容词＋过去分词
5
形容词＋名词
-ed
6
名词＋名词
-ed
7
名词＋形容词
8
名词＋现在分词
9
名词＋过去分词
10
副词＋形容词
11
副词＋现在分词
12
副词＋过去分词
13
数词＋名词
14
数词＋名词
+
形容词
15
数词＋名词
-ed
(2)
合成动词
构成方式
1
名词＋动词
2
副词＋动词
3
形容词＋动词
(3)
合成名词
构成方式
1
名词＋名词
2
形容词＋名词
3
动名词＋名词
4
动词＋副词
5
副词＋动词
例词
horseback ,
bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
back-yard, forehead,
hiding place, reading-room
get-off, break in,
output, overflow
day-dream
overcome,
upturn
翻起
white-
wash
例词
例词
red-hot
first-class, full-time, part-time
good-looking, free-thinking,
ready-made
good-
tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded
iron-willed
world-famous,
day-long
beauty-loving,
freedom-loving, job-hunting,
man-made, water-covered,
ever-green
hard-working,
far-seeing
well-prepared, quickly-
cured, well-known
five-year
five-year-old
four-legged,
six-storied
(4)
合成副词
however,
maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
(5)
合成代词
whoever,,
whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something,
anything,
二、派生
Derivation
前缀
前缀
a-
en-
dis-
un-
含义
处在……
使可能
不，否定
不
做相反动作
例词
arise, aside,
alone
enrich, enable, enslave
dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear,
disorder, disagree
unable, unknown,
uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair,
unclose, undress, uncover, untie
inactive, incapable, inpatient,
incorrect
impossible,
impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical
in-
im-
不，非
ir-
il-
non-
不，非
向相反方向发展
de-
anti-
反（对）
mis-
错误的，坏的
re
重复，再
co-
共同
ex
以前的
tele
远程
super-
在上面，超级
under-
在
……
之下
inter-
相互，之间
sub-
下，次
trans-
过，穿过，变
vice-
副
semi-
半
bi
两个
tri
三个
mul-
多，多种
kilo-
千
后缀
后
缀
-er
-ess
-or
名
-ar
词
-ese
-ian
-ist
-ent/-ant
-ment
irregular, irresponsible
illogical,
non
existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-
stop
Decentralize
（分散）
,
defrost
（解冻）
anti-
freeze, anti-fascist
misdoings,
misunderstand, misfortune
rewrite,
remarry, reunite, recycle,
co-exist, co-operate, co-education
Ex-husband, ex-president
telephone, telegraph, telescope
supermarket, superpower,
underline, underestimate, underground,
international, interact,
inter-change
subtitle, submarine,
subconscious, subcontinent,
transformation(
变形
),
translate
vice-premier, vice-president
semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic
bicycle,
biennial
两年一次的
triangle
三角形
,
tricycle
三轮脚踏车
,
triplets
三胞胎
multiply, multi-national, multi-
coloured
kilometre, kilogram
例
词
farmer, weaver,
pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger,
speaker, cooker,
recorder, heater
actress, waitress, princess, hostess
conductor, sailor, transistor,
operator,
beggar
Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese
musician, Egyptian, physician
scientist, dentist, communist,
socialist,
assistant
argument, judgment,
government