-
Britain
Chapter One
Geography.
People and Language
New
Words & Phrases.
temperate
温带、和的
precipitation
降雨量
latitude
纬度
immigrant
移民
colony
殖民地
diverse
多样化的
Germanic
日尔曼语系的
evolve
演变，发展
Vikings
北欧海盗
codify
编簨
,
系统化
undocumented
无文件记载的
subsequently
随后的
barbarian
野蛮人
division
部分，分界线
husbandary
饲养业
missionary
传教士
monastery
修道院
I.
Geography
1.
full name: the
United Kindom of Great Britain and Northen
Lreland.
2.
Location: the U.K locates to the
northwest of mainland Europe,an island country
surrounded by sea,It lies in the North
Atlantic Ocean.
3.
Area: 242.910 square kilometers
4.
Composition:
British Isles
5.
Political division: England,
Scotland, Wales, Northen Island
6.
Mountain: Ben
Nevis (
本尼维斯
)
，
1
1343m
7.
River: Seven River (
塞文河
)
，
1
,338km
(in Wales)
Thames River(in England),
2
,336km
8.
Lake: Lough Neagh(
内湖
< br>)
，
1
,338km
(in Northern Ireland)
9.
climate:a
maritime climate
plentiful
preciperation
foggy,rainy,
instablility
10:Major Cities:
1
:London,capital
2
:Birmingham(
伯明翰
)
3
:Leeds(
利兹
)
II.
People
:the English 81.5%
rd
nd
st
st
nd
st
st
The
Scottish 9.6%
The Irish 1.9%
The North Irish 7%
tion: 60 million (a 2005 estimate)
on: Christianity
III.
Language:
English is a member of the Indo-European family of
language. It is in
the Germanic group
of this family.
s
Old
English(5
-1150)
The
Angles,Saxons
and
Jutes
drove
the
Celtic-speaking
people
out
of
what
is
now
England
into Scotland,Wales, and the Ireland in
the 5
and 6
century, they
used the language
of northeastern
regien of the
Netherland
—
that is now
called Old English.
Middle
English(1150-1550)
In 1066,
William, the Conqueror invaded and conquered
England, they used French as
the
official language,so many French words came into
English vocabulary. English day by
day
evolved into what is now referred to as Middle
English.
Modern English(1550-now)
In
1467,
The
printing
press
was
introduced
by
William
Caxton,who
brought
standardization to
English, the dialect of London became the
standard. Spelling and
grammar became
fixed.
rd English
It is
based on the speech of the upper class of
southeastern England, adopted as a
broadcasting standard in the British
is used as much in printed material and
is
normally
taught
in
schools
and
to
non
–
native
speakers
learning
language.
It
is
called
Queen
’
s
English
or
BBC
English.
At
present,
nearly
a
quarter
of
the
world
’
s
population
use English. It
has became a universal linguia franca
Chapter Two History
New words and Phrases
pious
虔诚的
coronation
加冕
feudalism
封建制度
charter
宪章
constitution
宪法
provision
条款
parliament
议会
monarchy
君主制度
Puritan
清教徒
dominion
领土，统治权
retake
收回
originate
发源
maritime
海上的，靠海的
th
th
th
norm
准则
dialect
方言，地方话
Christianity
基督教
the British
Isles
不列颠群岛
Guildhall
市政厅
’
s Cathedral
圣保罗大教堂
Indo-
European family of language
印欧语系
Northen
Ireland
北爱尔兰
I.
The Origin of the Nation
(55BC-1066AC)
国家的起源
史前史：
巨石阵：
In
2500BC
，
TheBeaker
folk(
比克人
) invaded the
British islands,they built the
Stonshenge in
1800BC-1400BC
。
In 1000BC,The Celts(
凯尔特人
)
from the west of the Europe invaded the British
island 3 times and settled there.
1. 55BC-410AC
Roman
’
s
rule
罗马统治时代
The
recorded
history
in
Britain
began
in
the
year
55BC,
Julius
Caesar(
凯撒大帝
)
and
his
troops
invaded
and
ruled
the
island.
The
Celts
became
slaves,and
many
of
them
were
driven
to the mountains of
Scoltland an Britain became a province of Rome.
2. 446AC-871AC The Anglo-Saxons
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊时代
In the mid-5
century the
Anglo-Saxons and The Jute from Denmark and
Northern Germany,
invaded the Britain
and drove all the Roman troops, their language was
English, replaced
the
Celtic
language.
the
country
became
known
as
England,
meaning
”
the
land
of
the
Angles.
”
The
Heptarchy(
七
国时代
):to
the
beginning
of
7
century,they
built
7
596AC
ine(
圣奥古斯丁
)was
sent to Britain to convert the the late of
7
century, Roman
Christianity become the dominant religion.
1)King
Alfred
阿尔弗雷得大帝
（<
/p>
849AC-899AC
）
He was
a king of Wessex( ),his grandson
became a king of a united England.
His contributions:
He
defeated the Danes-Vikings and united 7 Anglo-
Saxon kingdoms in the process of
resisting
the
Vikings;founded
a
strong
fleet;founded
noble
school;translated
the
latin
works
into Old English. Formulated a legal system.
2)Westminster Abbey
威斯敏斯特大教堂
1052AC
It was built by Edward the
Confessor(
忏悔者爱德华
),It still
exists now, Since then,
all the nations
coronation have been held there.
3)The
Norman Conquest(
征服者威廉
)
（
1066-1087
）
In 1066AC Duke of Normady,(descendents of Vikings)
fought king Harold of
England and won
the battle of
Hasting(
黑斯廷斯
).On Chrisman
day he was crowned king of
England in
Westminster feudal system was estalshed in
England
II Shaping of the
Nation
1066AC-1381AC
国家的形成（中世纪的英国）
1.
William
’
s rule
1066AC-1381AC
The Feudalism was
founded.
th
th
th
The king owned all the lands
Giving his barons large estates in for
a promise of military
services(
服兵役
).
The king charged the church and the
legal system.
1)
the Great Charter
大宪章
1215AC
the
king
John
demanded
more
feudal
taxes
and
army
service
in
order
to
avenge
himself
on France,
dissatisfied with John
’
s
leadership,the lords forced him to sign the
Magna Carta,which contained 63 clauses
2)
the English
Parliament(
议会
) 1258AC
In 1258,the barons, under Simon de
monfort(
西门
德
蒙特福特
) forced HenryIII
and his son to swear to accept the
Provisions of Oxferd<
牛津条款
>. He reformed
the Great Council
which
included
nobles and
main priests(
高
等
教
士
)only. The
citizens
and the
labor
.The
Great
Council
was
developed
into
the
the
House
of
Lords
（上议院）
and the
House of
Commens
（下议院）
。
3)
the Handred
Year
’
s War
1337AC-1453AC
百年战争
In
1337-1453,Wars
between
Britain
and
France
for
throne
王位
),land,
the
end,with
the leadship of Joan of
Arc(
圣女贞得
).France won.
4)
the Black
Death 1348AC
in the 14
century, the deadly epidemic disease swept through
reduced
the population of England from
4 million to 2 million.
tion to the Modern Age
（
1455AC-1688AC
）
1.
The Wars of
the Roses
玫瑰战争（
1455AC-1485
）
It was a series
of civil wars between two great families: the
House of
York(
约克
王室
),whose
badge was a white rose;the House of
Lancaster(
兰开斯特王室
), red rose.
In the end, the red rose won. their
leader Henry Tudor became the King Henry VII.
2.
Religious
Reformation
宗教改革
(1529AC-1535AC)
King Henry
VIII wanted to reform the religion with 3
reasons:to reform the church,
to
divorce ,to enhance king
’
s
right.
3.
Queen
Elizabeth I (1558AC-1603AC)
She was a
daughter of Henry VIII, never married. She was
inclined to support the
Protestant(
新教徒
),but she tried her best to
make peace by appeasing the Catholic.
She founded the Church of
England(
英国国家教会
) , which
belong to the king and
independed from
theRome Pope.
The Spenish fleet was
defeated.
She encouraged the oversees
risks.
She support literature and art
developments.
4.
The Civil War
(1642AC-1651AC)
内战
It
broke
out
in
1642
between
the
Royalists
代表
known
as
the
Cavaliers(
骑士党
)and
the
Parliamentarians
knownas
the
Roundheads
（圆颅党）
.
Oliver
Cromwell
克伦威尔
,a
pious
Puritan(
清教徒
),organized
New
Model
Army(
新模范军
)fought
bravely
the
King
’
s
troops
and
Monarchy
君主制
was abolished
and England was declared a
commwealth
联
邦
and
governed as a republic.
th
5.
Restoration
(1660AC)
复辟
After
the
death
of
Cromwell,
because
of
his
son
’
s
poor
ability,
Charles
II
was
invited
and crowned in 1661.
He tried his best his best to restore the old
social order.
6.
The Glorious
Revolution(1688AC)
光荣革命
A
political
Revolution
published
of
rights>(
人
权
法
案
).It
established
Constitutional Monarchy(
君主立宪
制
)
。
It created a
good political condition for
capitalism.
7.
The Industrial Revolution
(1780AC-1830AC)
It refers to
the Machanization of industry and the consequent
changes in social and
economic
organizations in the late 18
–
early 19
century.
Rise and Fall of the British
Empire
1.
The
Whigs & Tories (
辉格党，托利党
)
The
Whigs:opposed
Constitutional
Monarchy,
it
support
religious
freedom
of
the
Protestant
(
新教徒
).It united different
people with different opinions.
The
Tories: it support Constitutional Monarchy, it
wasn
’
t willingly to abolish
the kings,it was the former part of the
Conservative Party
保守党。
2.
The Chartist
Movement(1836-1848)
宪章运动
《人民宪章》
The
People
’
s charter
To obtain election rights for all
people.
3.
Colonial Expantion(1583-1900)
1)
2)
3)
4)
In 1763, Canada Austrialia New Zealand
became dominions of England.
In
1876,the Queen of Victoria became the India Queen.
In 1882, it
conquered
Egypt, Niger
尼日尔
,K
enya
肯尼亚
Uganda
乌干达
Zambia
赞比亚
by the beginning
og 20
century.
In 1840, it
waged the
Opium
War
(
鸦片战争
) against
China and forced Qing
government to sign the
Treaty of
Nanking
南京条约
in
1842.
Hong
Kong was
ceded(
割让
)to Britain, and 5 ports were opened.
5)
Meanwhile, it
occupied Burma,
缅甸
Sri
lanka
斯里兰卡
, Singapore,
Malaya
马
来亚
,
Sarawak
沙捞越
and
Brunei
文莱
.
It
became
the
largest colonial
Empire
in the
world.
On
the
Eve og
the world
war
I,It
controlled a territory of 33.5 million
square kilometers, about a quarter of the
world
’
s landmess,
about 137 times as large as ruled over a
population
of 393.5 million ,about 8
times of Britain empire
—
the
sun never set.
4.
Two Worlds Wars(1914-1945)
the 1
World War
In
1914-1918, the 1
World War Allied
Powers(
协约国
),which were
mainly
made up of
France,Russia,Britain,Italy,&USA, won .the Central
Powers(
同盟国
),which
included
Germany,Austria-
Hungary,Ottoman
Empire(
奥
斯
曼
帝
国
)&Bulgaria(
保
加
里
亚
)failed at
last.
Result:1)Britain
was
drained(
)
its
power.
1
million
men
died,
2
million
were
wounded.
2)70%
merchant ships were sunk or demaged, it lost the
sea supermacy(
霸权
).
3)a huge national debt,10 times
than that of pre-war years
4)Business was slack( ),many factories were
closed.
st
st
th
th
th
The 2
World War
In 1939-1945, The
2
World War happaned,Britain won the
war.
Result:1)about 357.000 people were
killed,500,000 were wounded.
2)The navy was 30% smaller than before tha lost
its sea supremacy to
the USA.
3)It was deeply in debt to the
USA.
5.
The Fall
of the Empire
As
a
result
of
2
World
wars,
most
of
its
colonies
demanded
and
fought
for
independence.
1) in
1947,India and Pakistan became independence
2) In 1948,followed by Burma and
Malaya
3) In 1956,Egypt drove the
British army out of the country and the Sues Canal
zone
（苏
伊士运河）
.
4) In the 1960s, more than 20
countries won their independence
Result:the British Empire were replaced
by the British Commonwealth of
Nations(
英联邦
)
Charpter 3
Government&Commonwealth
New
words:
democracy
民主
legislature
立法
executive
执政
Judiciary
司法
Constituency
选区
cabinet
内阁
minister
部长
emppower
授权
conserative
保守的
labor
劳动
工作
eligible
有资格的
successor
继承者
declareation
宣言
liberal
开放的
populous
稠密
的
House of Lords
上议院
House of
Commons
下议院
Estimates and Budget
概预算
civil servant
公务员
decision-
making body
决策者
The Conserative
Party
保守党
The
Labor Party
工党
The Liberal Democrats
自由民主党
ballot-box
投票箱
voting
station
投票站
nd
nd
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