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1. What are the 3 Parts of a Paragraph and
describe each one.
A paragraph is a group of
related sentences that discuss one main idea. A
paragraph can be as short as one
sentence or as long as ten sentences. All
paragraphs
have a topic sentence and
supporting sentences, and some paragraphs have a
concluding sentence.
The topic sentence states the main idea
of the paragraph.
Supporting sentences
develop the topic sentence. The concluding
sentence signals the
end of the
paragraph and leaves the reader with important
points to remember.
Supporting
sentences explain or prove the topic sentence.
There are several kinds of
specific
supporting details: examples, statistics, and
quotations. A concluding
sentence
serves two purposes: (1) it signals the end of the
paragraph. (2) it leaves the
reader
with most important ideas to remember by
summarizing the main points of the
paragraph or by repeating the topic
sentences in different words.
2. Topic and Controlling Idea in a
Topic Sentence
The topic names the
subject of the paragraph, the controlling idea
limits or controls
the topic to a
specific area that you can discuss in the space of
a single paragraph.
Three important
points to remember about a topic sentence: (1) a
topic sentence is a
complete sentence;
that is, it contains at least one subject and one
verb. (2) a topic
sentence contains
both a topic and a controlling idea. (3) a topic
sentence is the most
general statement
in the paragraph because it gives only the main
idea.
练习
P6
too
specific, too general,
incomplete.
P9
画出
topic
和
controlling idea
3. What is Unity and how do you achieve
it
Unity means that a paragraph
discusses one and only one main idea from
beginning to
the end. The second part
of the unity is that every supporting sentence
must directly
explain or prove the main
idea.
4. What is Coherence and how do
you achieve it
The Latin verb cohere means
“hold together.” For coherence in writing, the
sentences must hold together, the
movement from one sentence to the next must be
logical and smooth. There are four ways
to achieve coherence: (1) repeat key nouns (2)
use consistent pronouns (3) use
transition signals to link ideas (4) arrange your
ideas
in logical order.
Transitional signals:
P26-29
are like traffic signs, they tell
the reader when you are
giving a
similar idea, an opposite idea, an example, a
result or a conclusion.
Transitional
signals give a paragraph coherence because they
guide your reader from
one idea to the
next.
Logical order:
Some
common kinds of logical order in English are
chronological
order, logical division
of ideas and comparison/contrast.
Chronological order is order by
time
—
a sequence of events or
steps in a process. In
logical division
of ideas, a topic is divided into parts, and each
part is discussed
separately. In a
comparison/contrast paragraph, the similarities
and /or differences
between two or more
items are discussed.
5. Three main
types of supporting detail
: facts
quotations and statistics
6. The
differences between opinions and facts.
Opinions
: are subjective
statement based on a person’s beliefs or
attitudes.
Opinions are not
acceptable as support.
Facts:
are objective statements of truths.
Sometimes even
facts need prove.
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7. What are the 3 ways to use Outside
Sources
you can quote it. You can
summarize
it. You can paraphrase it
Plagiarism:
is using someone
else’s words or ideals as if they were
your own.
and it is
a serious
offense
8. How do you Cite a Source
(1)
Insert
a
short
reference
in
parentheses
at
the
end
of
each
piece
of
borrowed
information.
This
short
reference
is
called
an
in-text
citation.
(2)Prepare
a
list
describing
all your sources completely. This list is titled
“
Works
Cited
”
and appears as
the last page of your paper.
9. Difference between Direct Quotations
and Indirect Quotations
Direct
quotations:
you
copy
another
person’s
exact
words
(spok
en
or
written)
and
enclose them in quotation marks.
Indirect
quotations
(reported
speech):
you
report
the
person’s
word
without
quotation
marks
but
with
a
reporting
expression
such
as
according
to…
or
XYZ
believes
that…
the
speaker
’
s
or
writer
’
s
words
are
reported
indirectly,
without
quotation marks,
also are called reported
speech.
练习
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Punctuating direct quotations:
(1)
Put
quotations
marks
around
information
that
you
copy
word
for
word
from
a
source.
Do
not
use
quotations
marks
with
paraphrases
summaries
or
indirect
quotations.
(2) Place commas (and periods) before
the first mark and also before the second mark
in a pair of quotation marks
(3) Capitalize the first
word of the quotation as well as the first word of
the sentence.
(4) If you broke a
quotation sentence into two parts, enclose both
parts in quotation
marks
and
separate
the
parts
with
commas.
Capitalize
only
the
first
word
of
the
sentences.
(5) If you omit
words, use
anellipsis
即
…
(6)If you add words put [ ] around the
words you have added.
(7)Use single
quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a
quotation.
(8)If your quotation is four
line or longer, do not use quotation marks
introduce this
type of quotation with a
colon and indent it one inch from the left-hand
margin.
Changing direct quotations into
indirect quotations
(1)Omit the
quotations marks.
(2)Add the
subordinator
that
(you may
omit that if the meaning is clear without it)
(3)Change the verb tense if necessary.
(4)Change
pronouns
(and
time
expressions
if
necessary)
to
keep
the
sense
of
the
original.(P48)
As you do
with quotations, you must also cite the source of
statistical data.
10. What are the 3
Parts of an Essay and describe each one.
An essay has three main parts:
an introduction
(introductory paragraph),
a
body
( at
least
one,
but
usually
two
or
more
paragraphs)
,
and
a
conclusion
(concluding
paragraph).