-
跨文化
of culture:
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1. Culture is like an iceberg.
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2. Culture is
our software.
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3. Culture is like the water a fish
swims in.
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4.
Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
2. Characteristic:
1.
Culture Is
Learned: not born with
2.
Culture Is Dynamic
3.
Culture
Is
Pervasive:
Like
the
air
we
breathe,
culture
penetrates
into
every
aspect of our life and
influences the way we think, the way we talk, and
the way
we behave.
4. Culture Is transmitted from
generation to generation
5. Culture Is
Adaptive
e is ethnocentric
Component of communication:
Sender/Source
（信息源）
A
sender/source is the person who transmits a
message.
Message
（信息）
A message is
any signal that triggers the response of a
receiver.
Encoding
（编码）
Encoding refers to the activity during
which the sender must choose certain words
or nonverbal methods to send an
intentional message.
Channel /Medium
（渠道）
Channel/Medium
is
the method used to deliver a
message
.
Receiver
（信息接收者）
A
receiver is any person who notices and gives some
meaning to a
message.
Decoding
（解码）
Decoding
is
the
activity
during
which
the
receiver
attaches
meaning
to
the
words or
symbols he/she has received.
Feedback
（反馈）
The response of a receiver to a
sender’s message is called
feedback.
Noise
（干扰）
Noise is a
term used for factors that interfere with the
exchange
of
messages, including external noise
，
physiological
noise,
psychological noise and semantic noise.
Noise is inevitable.
Context:
ts of intercultural
communication:
(1)perception
{1}cultural values{2}world view
{3}social organizations
(2)verbal processes
oral and
written
Language is not only a form of
preserving culture
but also
a means of sharing culture.
different
cultures have different symbols and different
responses.
carder
干部
associate professor
vice-
chairman
deputy director
pee
poo damn it
(3)nonverbal
processes
cry smile
bodily behavior-----------bodylanguage
eye contact
smile
touch
concept of time
----------plan
use of
space.------------
social cultural
elements:
1}cultural values
what is worth
dying for?
what is wrong protecting?
what frightens
people?
individualism
collectiveness
materialism
spiritualism
competition cooperation
work
leisure
equality
g
ender roles
time
silence
formality
and informality
assertiveness
restraint
interpersonal
harmony
{2}world view
diverse concepts produce different
choices and behaviors------gods
{3}social organizations
family is important.
self -reliance,
obedience
sex role,
aggression
loyalty
age roles
social skills
6.5 different verbal communication
style?
and Indirect Verbal
Interaction Styles
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In the direct verbal style, statements
clearly reveal
the speaker’s intentions.
Eg. U.S. Americans tend to
use a straightforward form of request.
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In the indirect
verbal style, on the other hand, verbal
statements tend to hide the speaker’s
actual intentions.
Eg.
Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more
roundabout and implicit way.
2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement
V
erbal Styles
?
The self-enhancement verbal style
emphasizes the
importance of
boasting about one’s accomplishments and
abilities.
Eg. In the
classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A
handsome, athletic
male with a good
sense of humor seeks a fun-
loving
partner…”
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The
self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand,
emphasizes the importance
of humbling oneself via
verbal restraints, hesitations and
modest talk.
Eg.
In
the
classified
ads,
Japanese
ad
might
read,
“Although
I
am
not
ve
ry
good-
looking, I’m willing to
try my best.”
3. Elaborate,
Exacting and Succinct Styles
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An elaborate
style emphasizes flashy and embellished
language. This style of
communication can be seen in
many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-
American cultures.
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An
exacting
style,
where
persons
say
no
more
or
less
than
is
needed,
is
used
by Americans.
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A succinct style is characterized by
the use of concise
statements, understatements, and even
silence. A succinct style can be found
in Japan, China, and some Native
American cultures
4. Personal and
Contextual Style
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The
personal
communication
style
emphasizes
the
individual
identity
of
the speaker.
Eg. English has only one form for the
second person, that is, you.
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The contextual
style highlights one’s ro
le identity
and status.
Eg. Chinese,
German and French, for example, have informal and
formal forms
of the pronoun you
(
你
/
您
;
du/Sie; tu/vous).
5.
Instrumental and Affective Style
?
An
instrumental
verbal
style
is
sender-
based
and
goal-outcome
based.
The
instrumental
speaker
uses
communication
to
achieve
some
goal
or
outcome.
The burden of understanding often rests with the
speaker.
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An
affective
communication
style
is
receiver
and
process
oriented.
The
affective
speaker
is
concerned
not
so
much
with
the
outcome
of
the
communication, but with the process.
The responsibility of understanding
rests with both the speaker and the
listener.
ries of nonverbal
language: