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Chapter 6
：
Pragmatics
I. Decide whether each of the following
statements is True or False:
1.
Both
semantics
and
pragmatics
study
how
speakers
of
a
language
use
sentences
to effect
successful communication
2.
Pragmatics
treats
the
meaning
of
language
as
something
intrinsic
and
inherent.
3.
It would be impossible to give an adequate
description of meaning if the
context
of language use was left unconsidered.
4. What essentially distinguishes
semantics and pragmatics is whether in the
study of meaning the context of use is
considered.
5. The major difference
between a sentence and an utterance is that a
sentence
is not uttered while an
utterance is.
6. The meaning of a
sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
7. The meaning of an utterance is
decontexualized, therefore stable.
8.
Utterances always take the form of complete
sentences
9. Speech act theory was
originated with the British philosopher John
Searle.
10. Speech act
t
heory started in the late 50’s of the
20th century.
11. Austin
made the distinction between a constative and a
performative.
12. Perlocutionary act
is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
II. Fill in each blank
below with one word which begins with the letter
given:
13.
P_________
is
the
study
of
how
speakers
of
a
language
use
sentences
to
effect
successful
communication.
14. What essentially
distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether
in the
study of meaning the context of
use is considered.
15. The notion of
c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of
language.
16. If we think of a
sentence as what people actually utter in the
course of
communication, it becomes an
u___________.
17. The meaning of a
sentence is a_______, and decontextualized.
18. C________ were statements that
either state or describe, and were thus
verifiable.
19.
P________
were
sentences
that
did
not
state
a
fact
or
describe a
state,
and
were not verifiable.
20. A l_________ act is the act of
uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the
act of conveying literal meaning by
means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
21. An i__________ act is the act of
expressing the speaker’s intention; it
is the act performed in saying
something.
22.
A
c_________
is
commit
the
speaker
himself
to
some
future
course
of
action.
23. An e________ is to express feelings
or attitude towards an existing state.
24.
There
are
four
maxims
under
the
cooperative
principle:
the
maxim
of
q_______,
the maxim of
quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of
manner.
III. There are four choices
following each statement. Mark the choice that can
best complete the statement:
25. _________ does not study meaning in
isolation, but in context.
A.
Pragmatics B. Semantics
C. Sense
relation D. Concept
26. The meaning of
language was considered
as something
_______ in traditional
semantics.
A. contextual B. behaviouristic
C. intrinsic D. logical
27.
What essentially distinguishes semantics and
pragmatics is whether in the
study of
meaning _________ is considered.
A.
reference B. speech act
C. practical
usage D. context
28. A sentence is a
_________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence
is often
studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic B. grammatical
C. mental D. conceptual
29.
If we think of a sentence as what people actually
utter in the course of
communication,
it becomes a(n) _________.
A.
constative B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
30. Which of the
following is true ?
A. Utterances
usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored
to complete sentences.
C. No
utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to
complete sentences.
31. Speech act
theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the
century
B. in the early
1950’s
C. in the late
1960’s
D. in the early 21st
century.
32. __________ is the act
performed by or resulting from saying something;
it
is the consequence of, or the change
brought about by the utterance.
A. A
locutionary act B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act D. A
performative act
33.
According
to
Searle,
the
illocutionary
point
of
the
representative
is
______.
A. to get the
hearer to do something
B. to commit
the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to
some future course of action
D. to
express the feelings or attitude towards an
existing state of affairs.
34. All the
acts that belong to the same category share the
same purpose, but
they differ
__________.
A. in their illocutionary
acts
B. in their intentions
expressed
C. in their strength or
force
D. in their effect brought
about
35. __________ is advanced by
Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle B.
Politeness Principle
C. The General
Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency
Principle
36. When any of the maxims
under the cooperative principle is flouted,
_______
might arise.
A.
impoliteness B. contradictions
C.
mutual understanding D. conversational
implicatures
IV. Define the terms
below:
37. pragmatics 38. context 39.
utterance meaning
40. sentence meaning
41. constative 42. performative
43.
locutionary act 44. illocutionary act
45. perlocutionary act 46. Cooperative
Principle
V.
Answer
the
following
questions
as
comprehensively
as
possible.
Give
examples
for illustration if
necessary:
47. How are semantics and
pragmatics different from each other ?
48. How does a sentence differ from an
utterance ?
49. How does a sentence
meaning differ from an utterance meaning?
50.
Discuss
in
detail
the
locutionary
act,
illocutionary
act
and
perlocutionary
act.
51. Searle classified
illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss
each of
them in detail with examples.
52. What are the four maxims under the
cooperative principle ?
53.
How
does
the
flouting
of
the
maxims
give
rise
to
conversational
implicatures
?
Chapter 6 Pragmatics
I.
Decide whether each of the following statements is
True or False:
l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F
6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.F
II.
Fill in each blank below with one word which
begins with the letter given:
13.
Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance
17. abstract
tives 19. Performatives
20. locutionary 21. illocutionary
22.
commissive 23. expressive 24. quantity
III. There are four choices following
each statement. Mark the choice that can
best complete the statement:
25. A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B