-
2016
2005
年
3
月
21
日
专业八级考试改错
When I was in my
early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show
on ice by the mother of a friend.
Looked round a the luxury of the
1. ______
rink, my
friend’s
mother remarked on
the
“plush”
seats we had
been
given. I did not know what she
meant, and being proud of my
2______
vocabulary, I
tried to infer its meaning from the context.
“Plush”
was
clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive
evaluation; that
3.
______
much I could tell it from the
tone of voice and the context. So I
4. ______
1
started to use the word. Yes, I
replied, they certainly are plush, and so are the
ice rink and the cos
tumes of the
skaters,
aren’t
they? My
friend’s
mother was very
polite to correct me, but I could tell from
her
5. ______
expression that
I had not got the word quite right.
Often we can indeed infer from the
context what a word roughly
means, and
that is in fact the way which we usually acquire
both
6. ______
new
words and new meanings for familiar words,
specially in our
7. ______
own first language. But sometimes we
need to ask, as I should have
asked
for Plush, and this is particularly true in
the
8. ______
aspect of a foreign language. If you
are continually surrounded by
9______ .
speakers of the language you are learning, you can
ask them directly, but often this opportunity
does not exist for the learner of
English.
So dictionaries have been
developed to mend the gap.
10. ______
2014
改错
There is widespread consensus among
scholars that second language acquisition (SLA)
emerge
d as a distinct field of research
from the late 1950s to early 1960s.
There is a high level of agreement that
the following questions
(1) ______
have possessed
the most attention of researchers in this area:
(2) ______
l Is it
possible to acquire an additional language in the
same sense one acquires a first
language? (3) ____
__
l
What is the explanation for the fact adults have
(4) ______
more difficulty in
acquiring additional languages than children have?
l What motivates people to acquire
additional language?
l What is the role
of the language teaching in the (5) ______
acquisition of additional languages?
l What social-cultural factors, if
any, are relevant in studying the
learning of additional languages?
From a check of the literature of the
field it is clear that all (6) ______
the approaches adopted to study the
phenomena of SLA so far have one thing in
common: The
perspective adopted to view
the acquiring
of an additional
language is that of an individual attempts to do
(7) ______
so. Whether one labels it
“learning”
or
“acquiring”
an additional
language, it is an
individual accomplishment or what is under (8)
______
focus is the cognitive,
psychological, and institutional status of an
individual. That is, the spotlig
ht is
on what mental capabilities are
involving, what psychological factors
play a role in the learning (9) ______
or acquisition, and whether the target
language is learnt in the
classroom or acquired through social
touch with native speakers. (10) ______
2
2013
专八短文改错试题
．
Psycho-linguistics is the name given to
the study of the psychological processes involved
in langu
age. Psycholinguistics study
understanding,
production and
remembering language, and hence are concerned with
(1) _____
listening, reading,
speaking, writing, and memory for language.
One reason why we take the language for
granted is that it usually (2) ______
happens so effortlessly,
and most of time, so accurately.
(3) ______
Indeed, when you listen to someone to
speaking, or looking at this page, (4) ______
you normally cannot help but
understand it. It is only in exceptional
circumstances we might become aware of
the complexity
(5) ______
involved: if we are
searching for a word but cannot remember it;
if a relative or colleague has had a
stroke which has influenced (6) ______
their language; if we observe a child
acquire language; if
(7) ______
we try to learn
a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we
are visually impaired or
hearing-
impaired or if we meet
anyone else who is. As we shall see,
all these examples
(8) ______
of
what might be called
“language
in exceptional
circumstances”
reveal a great deal about the processes
evolved in speaking,
(9)
______
listening, writing and reading.
But given that language processes
were normally so automatic, we also
need to carry out careful
(10)
______
experiments to get at what is
happening.
2012
Proofread
the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as
instructed.
The central problem of
translating has always been whether to translate
literally or freely. The arg
ument has
been going since at least the first
(1)
______
century B.C. Up to the
beginning of the 19th century, many writers
favored certain kind of
“free”
translation: the
spirit, not the letter; the (2) _______
sense not the word; the message rather
the form; the matter not (3) _______
the manner. This is the often
revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______
wanted the truth to be read and
understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______
century, when the study of cultural
anthropology suggested that
the
linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the
language (6) _______
was entirely the
product of culture, the view translation was
impossible (7) _______
gained some
currency, and with it that, if was attempted at
all, it must be as (8) _______
literal
as possible. This view culminated the statement of
the (9) _______
extreme
“literalists”
Walter
Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.
The
argument was theoretical: the purpose of the
translation, the
nature of the
readership, the type of the text, was not
discussed. Too
3
often, writer, translator and reader
were implicitly identified with
each
other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic
problem remains. (10) _____
参考答案：
2011
年专八真题改错部分
From a very early age, perhaps the age
of five or six, I knew
that when I grew I should be a
writer. Between the ages of about
1__________
seventeen and twenty-four I tried to
abandon this idea, but I did so
with the conscience that I
was outraging my true nature and that
2___________
soon or later I should have to settle
down and write books.
3___________
I was the
child of three, but there
was a gap of five years
4__________
on
either side, and I barely saw my father before I
was eight. For
this and other reasons I was somewhat
lonely, and I soon developed
disagreeing
mannerisms
which
made
me
unpopular
throughout
my
5_____________
schooldays. I
had the lonely child's habit of making up stories
and
holding conversations with imaginative
persons, and I think from
6_________
the very start
my literal ambitions were mixed up with the
feeling of
7________
being
isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a
facility with words
and a power of facing in
unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created
8________
a sort
of private world which I could get my own back for
my failure
9________
in everyday life.
Therefore, the volume of serious
—
i.e. seriously
10________
intended
—
writing which I produced all through my
childhood and
boyhood would not amount to half a
dozen pages. I wrote my first
poem at the age of four or
five, my mother taking it down to dictation.
2010
年专八真题改错部分
So far as we can tell, all human
languages are equally
complete and
perfect as instruments of communication: that is,
every language appears to be well
equipped as any other to say
1________________
the things their
speakers want to say.
2________________
There may or may not be appropriate to
talk about primitive
3________________
peoples or
cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly,
not all
groups of people are equally
competent in nuclear physics or
psychology or the cultivation of rice .
Whereas this is not the
4_____________
fault of their
language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak
about
snow with further
more precision and subtlety than we can
in
5______________
English, but this is not because the
Eskimo language (one of those
sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is
inherently more precise and
subtle
than English. This example does not come to light
a defect
6______________
4
in English, a
show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position
is
simply and obviously that the
Eskimos and the English live in similar
7____________
environments. The
English language will be just as rich in terms
8____________
for
different kinds of snow, presumably, if the
environments in which
Englishwas habitually used made such
distinction as important
.
9_____________
Similarly, we have no
reason to doubt that the Eskimo language
could be as precise and subtle on the
subject of motor manufacture
or
cricket if these topics formed the part of the
Eskimos' life.
10____________
2010
年专八真题改错参考答案以及分词
09
专八改错原题
The previous section has shown how
quickly a rhyme passes
from one school
child to the next and illustrates the further
difference
(1)___________
between school lore and nursery lore.
In nursery lore a verse,
learnt in early childhood, is not
usually passed on again when the
(2)___________
little listener has
grown up, and has children of their own, or even
(3)____________
grandchildren. The period between learning a
nursery rhyme and
transmitting it may
be something from twenty to seventy years. With
(4)_____________
the playground lore,
therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed
(5)___________
on within the very hour it is learnt;
and in the general, it passes
(6)_____________
between children of
the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon
for the difference in age between
playmates to be more than five
years.
If ,therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to
have been
currently for a
hundred years, or even just for fifty, it follows
that it (7)__________
has
been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it
has passed
(8)___________
along a chain of two or three hundred
young hearers and tellers, and
the
wonder is that it remains live after so much
handling, (9)____________
to let alone that it bears resemblance
to the
(10)____________
答案分析：
2008
年专八真题
短文改错
The
desire to use language as a sign of national
identity is a
very natural one, and in
result language has played a prominent
____1____
part in national moves. Men
have often felt the need to cultivate
____2____
a given language to show
that they are distinctive from another
____3____
race whose hegemony they
resent. At the time the United States
____4____
split off from Britain, for
example, there were proposals that
independence should be linguistically
accepted by the use of a ____5____
different language from those of
Britain. There was even one
____6____
5
proposal that Americans should adopt
Hebrew. Others favoured
the adoption
of Greek, though, as one man put it, things would
certainly be simpler for Americans if
they stuck on to English ____7____
and made the British learn Greek. At
the end, as everyone
____8____
knows, the two countries
adopted the practical and satisfactory
solution of carrying with the same
language as before. ____9____
Since nearly two hundred years now,
they have shown the world
____10____
that political independence
and national identity can be complete
without sacrificing the enormous mutual
advantages of a common language.
07
专八真题
短文改错
From what
has been said, it must be clear that no one can
make very positive statements about how
language originated.
There is no
material in any language today and in the earliest
1__________
records of ancient
languages show us language in a new and
2__________
emerging state. It is
often said, of course, that the language
3_________
originated in cries of
anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the
4__________
necessary evidence is
entirely lacking: there are no remote
tribes, no ancient records, providing
evidence of
a language with a large
proportion of such cries 5__________
than we find in English. It is true
that the absence
of such evidence
does not disprove the theory, but in
6__________
other grounds too the
theory is not very attractive.
People
of all races and languages make rather similar
noises in return to pain or pleasure.
The fact that 7___________
such noises are similar on the lips of
Frenchmen
and Malaysians whose
languages are utterly different,
serves to emphasize on the fundamental
difference 8_
__________
between these noises and language
proper. We may
say that the cries of
pain or chortles of amusement
are
largely reflex actions, instinctive to large
extent, 9____________
whereas language proper does not
consist of signs
but of these that
have to be learnt and that are
10___________
wholly conventional
2006
专八短文改错
We use language primarily as a means
of communication with
other human
beings. Each of us shares with the community in
which we
live a store of
words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions
as 1_______
6
to the way in which words should be
arranged to convey a particular
2_______
message: the
English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and
a
3_______
set of grammatical rules
which enables him to communicate his
4_______
thoughts and feelings, in a variety of
styles, to the other English
5_______
speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that
which he uses active-
ly and that
which he recognises, increases in size as he grows
old as a result of
education and experience.
6_________
But, whether the language
store is relatively small or large, the system
remains no more than a psychological
reality for the individual, unless
he has a means of expressing it in
terms able to be seen by another
7_________
member of his
linguistic community; he bas to give the system a
concrete transmission form. We take
it for granted the two most
8____________
common
forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced
by our
vocal organs
(speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these
are
9_____________
among most striking of human
achievements.
10____________
2005
年专八真题短文改错
The University as Busines
A
number of colleges and universities have announced
steep tuition increases for next year
much
steeper than the current,
very low rate of inflation. They say
the increases are needed because
of a
loss in value of university endowments heavily
investing in common
1
________
stock. I am skeptical. A
business firm chooses the price that maximizes
its net revenues, irrespective
fluctuations in income; and increasingly the
2 _________
outlook of
universities in the United States is
indistinguishable from those of 3
___________
business firms. The rise in
tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty
4__________
increases the
demand for education. The biggest cost of being
in the school is foregoing income from
a job (this is primarily a factor in 5
__________
graduate and
professional-school tuition); the poor one's job
prospects, 6 ___________
the more sense it makes to reallocate
time from the job market to education,
in order to make oneself more
marketable.
The ways which
universities make themselves attractive to
students 7 ___________
include soft majors,
student evaluations of teachers, giving students
a governance role, and eliminate
required courses.
8 ________
_
Sky-
high tuitions have caused universities to regard
their students as
customers. Just as
business firms sometimes collude to shorten the
9 ___________
rigors of competition, universities
collude to minimize the cost to them of the
athletes whom t
hey recruit in order to
stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes
now often bypass higher
education in
order to obtain salaries earlier from
professional teams. And until they were
stoppe
d by the antitrust authorities,
the Ivy League schools colluded to limit
competition for the best st
udents, by
agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of
merit rather than purely
of need-just
like business firms agreeing not to give discounts
on their best 10
_________
__
7
_ customer
2004
2003
改错
Demographic indicators show that
Americans in the postwar
period
were more eager than ever to establish families.
They quickly brought down the age at
marriage for both men and women and
brought
the birth rate
to a twentieth century height after more than a
hundred (1)__
years of a
steady decline, producing the
“baby
boom.”
These young
(2)__
adults established
a trend of early marriage and relatively large
families that went for
more than two decades and caused a major
(3)__
but temporary reversal of
long-term demographic patterns. From
the 1940s through the
early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate
(4)__
8
and
at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.
(5)__
Less
noted but equally more significant, the men and
women who (6)__
formed
families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless
reduced the (7)__
divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages
remained intact to
a
greater extent than did that of couples who
married in earlier as well (8)__
as later decades. Since the United
States maintained its dubious
(9)__
distinction of having the
highest divorce rate in the world, the
temporary decline in divorce did not
occur in the same extent in (10)__
Europe. Contr
ary to fears of
the experts, the role of breadwinner and
homemaker was not abandoned
2002
改错
There are great impediments to the
general use of a standard in pronunciation
comparable to th
at existing in spelling
(orthography). One is the fact that
pronunciation is
learnt?naturally?
and
unconsciously, and orthography is learnt
1._____
deliberately
and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,
remain
throughout our lives quite
unconscious with what our speech sounds
2______
like when we speak out, and it
often comes as a shock when
3______
we firstly hear a recording of
ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once,
4_______
whereas our own handwriting
is something which we almost always know.
5_____
We begin the
?natural?
learning of
pronunciation long before we start learning
to read or write, and in our early
years we went on unconsciously
6.___
imitating and practicing the
pronunciation of those around us
for
many more hours per every day than we ever have to
spend 7.___
learning even our difficult English spelling. This
is
?natural?,
8.___
therefore, that our speech-
sounds should be those of our immediate circle;
after all, as we have seen, speech
operates as a means of holding a community
9.___
and giving a sense
of'belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a
?stranger?,someone
who
spe
aks with an accent of a different
community-perhaps only a few miles far.
10
9
2001
10
1.
2000
1999
年
The hunter-gatherer tribes that today
live as our prehistoric 1.______
human
ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet
supplementing 2._____
with animal
foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem
hunter- gatherers, including the Kung
of
southern Africa, revealed that one
half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third
concentrate
on fishing and only one-
sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds
and more of the
hunter-
gatherer?s
calories
come from plants. Detailed 3.______
studies of the Kung by the food
scientists at the University of
London, showed that gathering is a more
productive source of food
than is
hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average
about 100 4.______
edible calories, as
an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.______
11