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谢孟媛英语中级语法_第1-120集笔记

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2021-02-12 07:39
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2021年2月12日发(作者:switzerland是什么意思)




不定词



〈第


01


卷〉名词用法


(1)


不定词的用法



名词用法



形容词用法



副词用法



不定词无非就是比较长的名 词、形容词、副词而已,因为它有两个字。




1. I like to eat pizza.


翻译:我喜欢吃披萨。



在国语中可以无条件的将两个动词摆在一起。



在英文句子中只能是一个主句配一个动词,多出来的动作就需要连接词。



S



I



V



like



O



to eat


这里的


to eat


当受词,所以该不定式具有名词的身份。



表示我喜欢吃披萨这件事,所以是名词用法。



动词


ing


形式也可以叫做动名词,本句也可以写成:



I like eating pizza.


2. Give me something to eat.


翻译:


(



)


给我些吃的。



to eat


是修饰


something


,修饰名词的具有形容词的功能。



中英文差异



一个美丽的女孩



a beautiful girl


这个刚好是中英文顺序一致,但是这样的概率不到


20%





一个站在门口的女孩



a girl standing at the door


一个字的形容词可以放在名词前面,多个 字的形容词就要放在名词后面,



所以不定词是两个字的形容词要放在名词的后面。




3. He went to that restaurant to eat pizza.


翻译:他去餐厅吃披萨。



S



He



V

< p>


went


,后面的


th at


restaurant


属于地方副词,形容词才能当补语,



本句属于


S+V


句型,这里的


to eat


当副词修饰


went


这个动词。



这里的


to eat


扮演副词的角色不能用


eating


来代换,


eating


是动名词只有


名词的功能。




副词的作用



动词:


verb


,副词:


adver b


,显然副词是修饰动词的,



同时像 总统和副总统那样,副总统不是必须的,所以副词也不是必须的。




一、不定词的名词用法



当主词



1


、 在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。



“在同一时间取悦每个人 ”指的是一件事情,人、事、地、物都是名词可以当


主词。


< /p>


同时又可以发现在主词的短语中真正的主词是“取悦每个人”


,< /p>


“在同一时间”


只是时间副词,



“取悦”是


please


但是它是一个动词,要变成名词才能做主词,用不定式


to


please


To please everyone at the same time is impossible.



2


、保护环境是重要的。



To protect the environment is important.


本句和第一句分析的原理一样。




重点分析



重点一:不定词当主词时,也可用假主词


it


代替。



1. To please everyone at the sometime is impossible.


It is impossible to please everyone at the sometime.


老外为了突出重点它会将整个主词用一个假主词


it


来代替,注意是整个主词。




2. To protect environment is important.


It is important to protect the environment.


先把最重要的说出来,老外习惯这样的用法。





重点二:表明不定词意义上的主词时,在不定词前加


for




意义上的主词就是真正要做这件事的人,


for


要解释成对什么人而言。



1


、对我而言在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。



It is impossible


for me


to please everyone at the sometime.


注意:动词前面用主格,介系词后面用受格,所以我用受格的


m e





2


、对我们而言保护环境是重要的。



It is important


for all of us


to protect the environment.





重点三 :


It



s +

形容词


(


表人格特质


) + of



+ to V ~


1




It



s dangerous for children to play on the street.


翻译:小朋友在街上玩耍很危险。



在街上玩耍很危险



To play on the street is dangerous.


(


对小朋友而言


)


在街上玩耍很危险



For children to play on the street is dangerous.


对小朋友而言同时


强调“危险”



It



s dangerous for children to play on the street.


但是这 里的“危险”并不是小朋友的人格特质,不是重点三的范畴。




如果形容词是表示人格特质的话用介系词


of



不表示该人物特性的就用


for




2


、你真好来为我送行。



你真好,表示人的心地好,人格特质。



You are kind to see me off.


片语


see


off


表示送行,


see


是看,


off


表示消失,


看着…消失不就是送行吗?



It



s kind of you to see me off.



3



I was stupid to do such a thing.


It



s stupid of me to do such a thing.


翻译:我笨到会去做这样的事情。




〈第


02


卷〉名词用法


(2)




形容词用法



接上集



重点四:不定词的否定形:


not to V


1


、不依赖别人是成功的最佳途径。



Not to depend on others is the best way to success.


other


是形容词,加上个


s


变成


others


才是名词。



to success



best way


的形容词,成功的途径。




我不依赖别人。



I don



t depend on others.


这里的


depend


是动词,所以它否定是


do


助动词


+ not ,


但是不定词前面不能加助动词


do


,否则


do


的后面要用原形就不能有


to




没有


to


就形不成不定式,所以不定词前面直接加


not


就可以了。




当补语



位于


be


词之后,例如:


I am a teacher.


am


后面是名词,不定词有名词的


特 性所以也可以在


be


后面。



1



A doctor



s duty is to take care of sick people.


翻译:医生的责任是照顾病人。



注意:


is


后面不能直接加


take


,所以要用不定式


to take





2



His fault is to talk too much.



翻译:他的错误就是讲话太多了。





当受词



1



We decided to put off the meeting.


注意:


decide + toV


后面只能跟不定词,而不能跟


Ving


动名词。



翻译:我们决定将会议延期。



这个句子可以改成:


We decided it.


整个不定词部分用


it


来代替,可见 不定


词部分是一般动词后面的受词。



I am a teacher.



我是一个老师。老师和我是同一个人,这里的动词时


be



词,它的后面是主语的补语。



I like a teacher.


我喜欢上一个老师。老 师和我不是同一个人,这里的动词


是一般动词,它的后面是受词。




2



My son needs to see a dentist.


翻译:我的儿子需要去看牙医。



注意这里


need



like


的用法不太一样:



我喜欢看电影。



I like to see a movie. / I like seeing a movie.



这两


句话表达的意思一样。



但是,


need


得根据主词来判断, 主词是人用


toV


,主词是物用


Vin g




所以本句话的主词是


My son


人用


toV



to see





重点分析



疑问词


+toV


?



名词片语



,疑问词


+


不定词可以当名词片语,名 词片语不过是


比较长的名词。



注意这 里强调的是疑问词加不定词可以当做名词使用,可以当主语也可以当补


语。



1


、如何削减经费是一大问题。



How to reduce the costs is a big problem ?



2




The problem is where we should set up the tent.


The problem is where to set up the tent.


翻译:现在问题是哪里可以搭建帐篷。



说这句话的人都知道是“我们”要搭建帐篷,所以大家知道的东西可以在句子

中省略,



we


没有了,


should


这个助动词自然也没有存在的必要了。




3



I don



t know whether to laugh or


(whether to)


get angry.


翻译:我不晓得该笑还是该生气。



angry


是种状态,在英文中是种形容词,所以要加上一个动词


get







二、不定词的形容词用法



开始


29:50


不定词是


to + VR


两个字,它做形容词的时候需要拿到名次后面。


N + to + V


1



Amy


是唯一


记住我生日的


人。



Amy was the only person to remember my birthday.


“的”表示所有格或者形容词。



to remember my birthday


是形容词,修饰


the only person





2


、在日本我没有机会说英文。



I didn



t have a chance to speak English in Japan.


to speak English


是修饰


chance


机会的形容词。





重点分析



(



)


名词


+


不定词


+


介系词



的形式中,不定词前的


(



)


名词为介系词 的受


词。



1



I have to take care of my parents.


翻译:我有双亲要照料。



I have parents to take care of.


to take care of


修饰


parents


,需要照顾的双亲,



of


这个介系 词的受词在前面,就是那个


parents


< br>


如果


of


没有受词


of


要省略,例如:


Take care !


小心哦。




2



I cut it with a knife.


翻译:我想要刀子切它。



这里的


with a knife


是副词,副词有它句子表达得更清楚,



没有它句子



I cut it



OK


,主要意思也表达出来了。

< p>
S+V+O


I want a knife to cut it with.


with


解释成“用”



with


不能省略。



这里的


to cut it with


是形容词,修饰


a knife


,是把能切它的刀。


S+V+O+C




修饰名词的不定词可用关系代名词表示。


关系代名词引导的字句叫做形容词字句,关代起着连接词和代名词的功能。



注意这里的不定词是用来修饰名词的形容词。



1



I


m looking for someone to help me.


I



m looking for someone who will help me.


翻译:我在找个能帮助我的人。




2



Do you have anything to write with.


注意这里的


with


的受词是前面的


anything




Do you have anything which I/you can write witch.


翻译:你有任何东西可以用来写吗


? (


你有笔吗?


)




三、不定词的副词用法



开始


54:40


I went to restaurant to eat pizza.


翻译:我去餐厅吃披萨。



我去餐厅的目的是去吃披萨,表示目的是副词。




表目的,表“为了…”



1




He went to Germany to study music.


翻译:他去德国学音乐。



他去德国的目的是为了学音乐,


to study music



went


的目的。



如果不定式表示目的的话它有另外两个片语可以代换。



He went to Germany | in order to |


| so as to | study music.


表示目的的不定词才能用


in order to


或者


so as to


来代换。




副词就是在一句话中不讲它也是


OK


,这里他去德国不讲学音乐也是


OK


的。



只是为了表达得更清楚才将后面的“


study music




讲出来。



副词用法的不定词是不能用


Ving


来替换的,动名词只能替换具有动词功能的


不定词。




2




The windows was open a few inches to keep the air circulating.


翻译:这个窗户稍微打开,为了空气流通。



这里的


open


是打开的,是形容词。



同样这句话


to keep


也可以用


in order to


/


so as to



来代替不定词。





〈第


03


卷 〉副词用法


(1)


表原因,跟在表示感情的形容词之后



1


、看到这一幕我很震惊。



英文中一个句子需要主词和动词先出来,主词是我,



震惊是形容词,不是动词,需要


be


动词把它带来出。



I was shocked to see the scene.



2


、看到它我们不禁笑了。



不禁


/


忍不住


can not but + VR


笑了,所以用过去式来表达。



We could not but laugh to see it.


not


负的,


but


也是负的,所以负负得正,表示肯定,我们还是笑了。






表结果 ,有时会伴随


only



never< /p>


,有“失望”之意。



1



He awoke in the middle of the night to see him softly go out of the


room.


Of


前后都有名词,此时


of


翻译成“的”


,从后面往前面翻译,



in the middle of the night


就是晚上的一半就是半夜了。



没有表示失望的意思是不需要加上


never


或者


only


的。




2


、我们被分开再也无法见到彼此。



We were separated never to see each other again.


副词


again


放在最后。




3


、警察赶到那栋房子,结果只发现它已经空无一人。



The police hurried to the house only to find (that) it was empty.


第一个


to


是介词,第二个


to


才是不定词。



“它已经空无一人。< /p>


”有主词和动词是个完整的句子,


empty


是个形容词,需要



be


动词,



所以作为子句要加连接词


that


,动词后面的连接词


that


是可以省略的。



有空的时候多朗诵几次就会变成我的英文。



警方


police


是个复数,一个警察


a policeman


,两个警察


two policemen






假设语气的


if


子句是可以用不定词 来代换的,


假设的重点在于它动词的用法,


< br>动词代表了时态,与现在事实相反用过去式,与过去事实相反用过去完成式。





表条件,用来修饰假设语气的主要句子



1



To hear him talk on the phone, you would take him for his brother.


If you


heard him talk on the phone,


you


would take him for his brother.


翻译:如果你在电话里听过他的声音,你会以为那是他哥哥。




有依赖性,这样永远看到的都是中文版。




2



I would give you anything to go to the concer.


翻译:只要能够去参加音乐会,要什么我都给你。


to go to the concert


是条


件。



I would give you anything if I could go to the concert.


if


子句用过去式助动词


could


,主要子句也是用过去式助动词


would






重点,表“难、易”形容词


+ to V 00:27:30


不定词有名词、形容词、副词的用法,所以词性不定就叫做不定词。




动名词是动词加了


ing


只能当名词使用。




很难读,


hard to read


,很容易读,


easy to read



1


、诗很难翻译。



Poetry is hard to translate.


poetry


指的是诗这一类的全集。




2


、这规则很容易记。



This rule is easy to remember.


is


是主要的动词,


remember


得使用不定词。





重点,



be


动词


+


形容词


+


不定词”的惯用表现



惯用表现就是常用到的搭配




1



be apt to (


易于…的


)


我们容易犯错。



We are apt to make mistake.


easy


是用 来形容事情的,轻易、易于、一不小心做出什么动作用


apt





2



be ready to (


愿意…,易于…


)


I am ready to help you.


翻译:我很乐意帮你的忙。




He is too ready to suspect anything.


翻译:他极为轻易怀疑一切东西。



too


是副词,修饰形容词


ready


表示程度太…





ready


是形容词,前面只能用


be


动词,不 能用助动词


do





3



be willing to (


乐意


)


I am willing(glad) to come with you.


will


可以是助动词解释成“将要…”


,也可以作动词,表示“意愿”




翻译:我很乐意

< br>(


高兴


)


和你一起去。




4



be eager to (


渴望


) hunger for + N(


名词


)


也是渴望的意思



He is eager to see you.


翻译:他渴望见到你。




5



be likely to (


可能


)


It is likely to rain soon.


翻译:天空可能要下雨了。




6



be anxious to (


急着想要


)


He is anxious to go abroad.



翻译:他急着想要出国。



abroad


在动词一般动词


go


后面,所以是副词。



动词时


verb


,副词是


adverb


,所以副词是修饰动词的。



go abroad for advance study


,出国深造。



go aboard


,上船;


blac kboard


,黑板。





〈第


04


卷 〉副词用法


(2)



S+V+O+to V (1)


重点:


~ enough to V


够…可以…


=> ~ so ~ that + S + (can)




enough


这个副词要放在形容词


/


副词的后面,例如 :


tall


enough



so


要放在


形容词


/


副词前面。



so



that


翻译成如此以至于,


that


这里是当连接词。




1.


她好心让位给我。



She was kind enough to offer me her seat.


kind


是个形容词前面用


be


动词,


enough


要在形容词或副 词后面,整个句子



SVOO


句型。



注意英文中没有


very kind to V


这样的句型,所以虽然


kind enough



very


kind


意思相似却不能代换。



只能用


so



that


…< /p>



的句型来代换。



She was so kind that she offered me her seat.


这里


that


是个连接 词,连接两个句子,即两个主词,两个动词,注意两个动


词的时态一致。




2.


我有足够的收入可以养你。



形容词靠副词来提高其层次,也就是程度;好,非常好,极度好。



enough


有两个词性,形容词和副词,关键看它前后文的位子。



这里“收入”是名词,所以“足够的”修饰名词就是形容词。



enough (=>


形容词、副词


) = sufficient(adj) / sufficiently


I have an enough income to support you.


I have a sufficient income to support you.


income


进来的都是“收入”



“支出”就是


outgo






重点:


too(


形、副

)



to



V(



~


而不能

) = so~that+S+can



t


1.


这张床对我而言太小无法睡。



The bed is too small for me to sleep in.


记住,介系词后面接名词或受格,睡在床上时


sleep in the bed


,所以介系


词不能省略。



The bed is so small that I can



t sleep in.




2.I am only too glad to help you.


only too = very


仅限于后面接表快了的形容词,例如:


happy / glad /


pleased




=>


I am very glad to help you.


翻译:我很乐意帮助你。




is not too proud to ask questions of others.


翻译:他不至于太骄傲而不能向别人请教。



他很谦卑,不耻下问。




is too wise not to see the reason.


=> He is so wise that he cannot but see the reason.


这里


see


不是看见,而是了解,你懂了吗?我懂了。


I see.



翻译:他如此聪明,不可能不知道原因。



后面的


but


就是用来推翻


cannot


的。





重点:


so ~ as toV => so ~ that + S ~


1.


他气得说不出话来。



He was so angry that he was unable speak.



able


有能力的,是形容词,前面用


beV




He was so angry as to be unable speak.


子句的动词是


was


,原形是


be



to


后面没法用

< br>can



t


动词就没法否定, 所


以改用


unable





2.


我没有笨到去相信他。



I am not so foolish to trust him.


I am not such a fool to trust him.


So


是个副词


adv


,副词是将强形容词的语气,或者是修饰一般动词。



副词后面是不能接名词的,


例如


very


你不能说


very


girl


吧,


只能说


beautiful


/ tall / cute girl




Such


是个形容词


adj


,可以修饰名词,但是它的冠词要放在其后 。



一个人笨是状态不是动作,是形容词。



学好英语就是点线面的问题,点就是单字,连接点成线,如果才连正确这就是


文法的学 习。



so(adv) +


形容词


= such(adj) + a + N



so beautiful = such a beauty






四、


S+V+O+toV


有四大类动词后面一定要不定词,不能用


Ving




表希望;期待




like



want



wish



expect


等。



1.I want you to tell the truth.



翻译:我想要你说实话。



主词:


I


,动词:


want


,说实话用


tell


要看


want


的脸色得用不定词


to


tell


不能用


telling




I want you to tell me the truth.


翻译:我要你跟我说实话。



说实话的 那个人是


you


,把受词讲得更清楚的叫“受词补语”


OC





2.I didn



t expect her to be absent(


缺席


).


翻译:我不希望她缺席。



缺席时形容词得用


beV






表许可




allow



permit


allow


比较口语化,


permit


比较正式。



allow me to introduce my wife, Rosaline.


my wife = Rosaline


这两个是同位语。



翻译:请允许我介绍内人


Rosaline





男生要帮女生开门。



Allow me.


绝不会用


Permit me.


因为它太正式了。



很客气的帮人家做事情的说法,不一定需要得到允许。




Give someone(=>me) a hand. = Do me a favor. = Help me




翻译:帮我的忙。




Give someone a hand.


翻译:给他鼓掌。掌声鼓励。




Lady first !


翻译:女士优先。





〈第


05


卷 〉


S+V+O+to V (2)



S +V+O+


原形不定词、


S+V+it+C+to


不定词



didn



t permit her to go to the movie alone.


翻译:妈妈不许她一个人去看电影。



permit


后面一定要用不定词。





表思考,认识




think


believe



consider



find



recognize




这些词后面必须用不定词来做受词补语。



believe him to be honest (


诚实


).



=> We believe (that) he is honest.


honest


是形容词,前面必须用


beV



that


是够格关代可以省略。



翻译:我们相信他是诚实的。




2.I thought the idea (to be)practical.


=> I thought (that) the idea is practical.


翻译:我认为这个想法很实际


(


有实践性


)






表依赖;建议;要求;命令


(


必须用不定词的词


)


tell



advise



order



ask



request



require


force



persuade



get(


叫某


人做…事


)



cause(


使得


)



teach< /p>



beg


等。



这些词都是“叫某人去做…事情”的使役动词,后面都是必须用不定词的,不

< p>
记得的话只能经常翻讲义。




doctor advised him to



stop smoking.


翻译:医生建议他戒烟。



之所以用


toV


是因为在


advise


后面。




2.I persuaded him to go with me.


翻译:我说服他跟我一起去。





五、


S + V + O +


原形不定词



感官动词之后


(


眼,耳,鼻,舌,皮肤


)


feel



see



w atch



look at



notice(


注意,用眼


)

< br>,


observe(


观察,用眼


)



hear



listen to




see < /p>


是眼睛的基本功能,眼睛闭上张开看到的东西;长时间地观看用


w atch



仔细地看用


look at




自然地听到,不自觉地是


hear


,仔细听是


listen to




1.I felt my heart beat violently.


翻译:我感到我的心跳强烈。



beat


在感官动词


feel


后面用原形做不定词做受词补语。




2.I saw the boy put a chocolate in his pocket.


翻译:我看到一个男孩将一块巧克力放进了他的口袋。






重点:感官动词在被动语态中要用


to


不定词。



police officer watched the children cross the road.


翻译:警察看着小朋友过马路。



=>The children were watched by the police officer to cross the road.


=>The children were watched to cross the road by the police officer.


翻译:小朋友被警察看着过马路。



主动


1 2 3


,被动


3 2 1




管时态的是

beV


,管被动的是


P.P.



by


就解释成“被”





使役动词之后


(

叫人家去做工作的动词


) - make(


强迫

< p>
)



have(


依赖,拜 托


)



let(



)



bid(

命令


)


注意,感官动词和使役动词它俩是兄弟。




1.


那位妈妈叫这男孩关掉电视。



The mom made the boy turn off the TV.


男孩是很不情愿的,用


make


,如 果是妈妈不想起来叫你关电视是种依赖或拜


托。



不管是这位还是那位用


the


就可以了。



使役动词后面用原形不定词,不用加


to





2.


老师让学生回家。



The teacher let the pupils go home.


初中以上的学生才叫


student





在外面的回家是


go


home


,在家里说回家是


come


home


,抵达家是


get


home






重点:使役动词


get ~ + to


不定词



使役动词中的叛徒,害群之马


get


后面得用


toV


不定词。



这种用法遗臭万年



I got him to repair the radio.


翻译:我叫他修理这台收音机。



Re-pair


再次让其成双成对就是修理修补的意思。





重点:使役动词


help ~ to


不定词


/


原形不定词



使役动词中的墙头草,两边倒。用原形


/ to


不定词都可以。



Can you help me (to) put up the tent ?



翻译:你能帮我搭帐篷吗?





重点:使役动词


make


在被动语态中用


to


不定词。



make


有强迫的意思,


受词不太情愿,


所以也可以说是受词被 主词强迫去做某事


的被动。



teacher made the students try again.


翻译:老师叫学生们再试一次。



=>The students were made by the teacher to try again.


=>The students were made to try again by the teacher.


翻译:学生们被老师叫再试一次。



主动


1 2 3


,被动


3 2 1



beV


管时态,


P.P.


管被动。





六、


S + V(find, think, make, consider,



) + it + C + to


不定词



it


是假受词,它经常代替一件事情,后面还原可以用不定词。


it


也做假主词,


还原用不定词或


that




当有动词和


find



think


< p>
make


意思差不多的时候也可以用这个句型,例如


consider



think


的意思就都是“认为”




found [that it is impossible to understand him].


受格的连接词


that


后面要接主词和动词,


it


这里扮演的是假主词。



=>She found it impossible to understand him.



it


作为受词的时候连接词


that


就不需要了,


impossible



it


的补语,


有没有发现句子更简洁。



翻译:她发现了解他是不可能的。



翻译时顺序应是:


“她发现”到


it


直接跳到


toV


不定词处“了解他”在回到


it


后面“是不可能的”





2.


我认为说话时不对的。



I think it wrong to tell a lie.


直接把


“说谎”


当成一件事用


it


代替,


动作


(lie)


没有对错,


事情


(tell


a


lie)


才有对错,这里的“说谎 ”不再是动作。




3.


我认为弄丢手表是你太粗心。



I think it too careless of you to lose the watch.


it


指的是“弄丢手表”这件事情,不定词是它的还原。



It is too careless of you to lose the watch.


注意:意义上的主词要用


for



of


来连接


(


参看前面的不定词章节


)


It is important for you to study hard.


It is kind of you to help me.



for


前面指的是事情,用


of


前面的形容词要表示人格特质。




这里的粗心也是形容人的一种特质所以用


of





4.


他习惯早睡早起。



He makes it a rule to keep good hours.


“习惯于”就是“把它当成一条规则”



“早睡早起”就是“保持好的时辰”






〈第


06


卷〉


seem (happen


…等< /p>


)+to


不定词、


be+


不定词


(1)


七、


seem


(appear(


似乎


),


happen(


碰巧


),


prove(


结果就成了这样


)


~



)


+


to


V


seem(appear) to V


似乎


~


S + seem(appear) + to V /


形容词


=> It seems(appears) + that + S + V


不定词引导的部分可以用假主词


it


来代替。



It


代替主词的时候可以找后面的不定词或者


that


子句。




1.


我的狗似乎了解我说的话。



主词:我的狗,动词:似乎了解



My dog seems to understand what I said / say.



话是我讲过的狗才会明白,过去式,用现在式也可 以,说明一种习惯性的现象,


一个事实。



=> It seems that my dog understands what I said / say.


翻译要从文法的概念,不能从中文的意思来翻译。




2.


小朋友们似乎很喜欢他们的礼物。



The children appeared (to be) pleased with their presents.


=> It appears that the children were pleased with their presents.


be pleased with


seem / appear


之后可以跟不定词,也可以直接加形容词。






+ happen (chance(n


机会,


v

< br>碰巧


)) to V ~


碰巧


~


注意:主词必须是人。





+ happen(


发生


) to +




What happened to you?


Something happened to him.


翻译:他出事了。



事情当主词


happen


翻译成“发生”






我碰巧在车站遇见我的一位朋友。



I happened/chanced to meet one of my friends /a friend of mine at the


station.


主词是人时


happen



chance


才能翻译成“碰巧”


,在英文中时间、地点等副


词都可以放在句尾。



我的一位朋友,


“我的”是所有格,


“一位”是冠词,在英文中不能同时出现在


名词前面,



不能写成


my a friend


,要写成


one of my friends



a friend of mine




mine =


所有格


+


名词


= my friends






prove (turn out) to V ~


结果是< /p>


~


,证明是


~


turn out


被转出来,最后水落石出的就是事实。



1.


那谣言证明是真的。



真的表状态没有动作出现是形容词,


prove


后面不能省略


to V


直接加形容词,


只能用


to be


形容词。



The rumor proved (=>turned out) to be true.


(


×


)It proved that the rumor was true.


注意


prove


没有这种用法,这句


话是错的。



It turned out that the rumor was true.




come(get) to V ~


变得


~


come / get +


地点,才翻译成去到某地。




1.


你会变得喜欢这小镇。



You will come(get) to like this town.




八、


beV + to


不定词



1.


表预定


=>


打算要做


~


1.


会议预定在星期三举行。



The meeting is to be held on Wednesday.


会议是被举行,所以用过去分词表被动。






to


表义务


=>


必须;不得不


(


初学者会用


should)


are to be observed.


翻译:规则必须


(



)


遵守。



中文里很多时候被动都被忽略。



遵守规则。



observe


是用眼睛来观察,是个感官动词。



记忆单词的不同意思需要的是脑袋和例句。



句中


are to be


是很轻音的,听老外说把特别重的字听清就知道他讲什么了。




are to start as early as possible.


翻译:你必须尽早启程。




as(


一样


)

< p>


as(



)

< p>





〈第


07


卷〉


be+


不定词


(2)


、不定词的被动态,进行式,完成 式不定词



to


表可能


=>


能够


can


否定句中常用被动语态




1.


天上看不到一朵云。



动词:看不到,主词:云。



天上看不到云是我在看,云是被看。



Not a cloud was to be seen in the sky.


No cloud(s) was to be seen in the sky.


如果强调的是天空,这时候天空是主词,


The sky is beautiful.


但是本句天空只是一个地点所以它是一个地方副词,要放到句尾 。




2.


街上毫无人影。



Nobody was to be seen on the street.


No one was to be seen on the street.




to


表命运


=>


有…的命运,强调这是种宿命



注意:命运这两个字不一定出现在句子里面。



他再也没有看到他的妻子和家人了。



He was never to see his wife and (his) family again.


again


是频率副词,要放在句子后面。



He never saw his wife.


翻译:他没有看到他妻子。



只是很平 常的叙述,可能她妻子只是去打酱油了,然后他没有看到。




如果用了


beV + to V


句型 就表示一种宿命,命运的安排,可能是战争,也有


可能是眼睛瞎了。




to


表意图


=>


想要


=>


打算…


(=>intend)


通常采用


if


子句,而主要子句中以


must



need

< br>,


necessary


等字来表示“必


要”




如果你想要成功,你就必须更加努力。



If you are to succeed, you must work harder.


如果用


if you want to


这个表达得不够强烈。





九、不定词的被动态,进行式,完成不定式



不定词的被动态


=> to be P.P.


1.I like to teach.


翻译:我喜欢教书。



I like to be taught.


翻译:我喜欢被教导。




is a lot to do yet.


翻译:还有很多事情要做。



There is a lot to be done yet.


翻译:还有很多事情要做。



这两句话只是表达方式不同,都是一样的意思。





不定词的进行式


=> to be Ving


他们似乎正在等我们。



They seem to be waiting for us.



Wait for me.


翻译:等等我。




完成不定式


=> to have P.P.


表示比述语动词


(


表示时态的那个动词


)


更早的时间。



child seems to be sick.


=> It seems that the child is sick.



翻译:这孩子似乎生着病。



seem



appear


都可以翻译成“似乎 ”


,后面接不定词或形容词。




child seems to have been sick.


=> It seems that the child was(has been) sick.


这句的述语动词


seems


是现在式,那么


to have P.P.

< br>表示比它更早的时间就


是过去式


was

< br>或完成式


has+V




翻译:这个小朋友之前有生过病。



是 这个小朋友现在看起来不是很健康,推断之前他可能生过病,大病一场导致


现在看起来脸 黄黄的。



现在完成式和过去有相关,从过去发生并持续到现在。




seemed to have spent the money yesterday.


=> It seemed that he had spent the money yesterday.


翻译:昨天他似乎早就把钱花光了。



看来他花钱比昨天更早之前。过去的过去用过去完成式。



述语动词是


seemed


过去式,


所以


to


V


后面的动作应该是比该时态还要早一点。






can



t ,couldn



t


之后表否定推测;在


must


之后表肯定推测。



couldn



t have been on strike.


On strike


罢工。




They couldn



t to have been on strike



助动词后面不能有


to


,所有这里的


could


是助动词后面不能有


to




翻译:他们不可能一直都在罢工吧。




mom must have been seriously ill (then).


翻译:她妈妈肯定病重了。



看到


must have been


不用看


then


也知道比我现在讲话 时间要早就发生的事


情。



如果是现在发生的话,会用


must


be


seriously


来表示,


must


只能用原形所以


得接一个与过去有关的词


(have + P.P.)







should(

< br>助动词


)



ought


to(


助动词片语


)


都表示“应该”之后,表示未能实


现的事。



为实现的事,有责备的意思在里面。



should have seen it.


=> You


didn’


t see it.


翻译:你那个时候应该要看。



事实上你并没有看。



在助动词只能用动词原形,要强调过去的话就只能用


have + P.P.


了。





ought to have kept your words.


=> You didn



t keep your words.


翻译:你应该要遵守诺言的。



这句话就是在责备你没有遵守诺言。





intend , wish , would like (


都是表“想要”


)


等动词后


=>


未实现



1.I intended to have written to you.


翻译:我昨天本来打算写信给你的。



实际上我并没有写信给你。




to have P.P.


表示比


intended


还要过去,所以是之前的之前。




2.I expected him to have helped me with the work.


翻译:


我原本期望他能帮我做这个工作的 。



实际上他并没有帮我做这个工作。



从不定词


to have helped


和述语动词


(


表示时间的动词


)ex pected


得知我期望


是发生在过去。



按理来说应该是我“期望”在前,


“他做工作”在后。

< br>


但这里表示一种未实现的情况,


“他做工作”


反而假设成在


“对他期望”


之前了。

< p>


我和别人说“我期望他干活。



,我说之前当然是希望他已经在干活了。



所以“我期 望”在“他干活”之后用过去式,


“他干活”在更前一级的时间里用

过去完成式。





〈第


08


卷〉特别注意的不定词用法、不定词的惯用 表现



十、特别要注意的不定词用法



代不定词



don



t have to eat it if you don



t want to (eat it).


翻译:如果你不想吃这个东西,你可以不必吃。



后面的


eat it



if


前面的重复的时候,不定词只保留


to


省略动词原形,记



to


一定要保留。




2.A: How about coming to our house ?


B: I



d like to (go/come to your house) if I won



t be any trouble.


翻译:


A


:来我们家吧。


B


:如果不打扰的话我很乐意。



about


是个介系词,介系词后面只能跟名词,动词变成


Ving


的时候就肯定是


动名词,不会像不定词有三种词性。



不定词


to


后面的动词省略,但是


to


一定要保留,用


go


还是


come


根据说话


者的位置而定。






分离不定词



to


副词


VR




中间插入了一个副词。



1.I wish to utterly forget my past.


I wish to forget my past.


I wish to forget my past utterly.


翻译:我希望


(


完全地


)


忘记我的过去。



强调后面的动词时可以用副词


adverb


,动词是


verb


,副词就是修饰动词的。




made up her mind never to return.


否定不定词:


not to VR


如果表示否定的副词不能放在


to



VR


之间,要放在前面。



She decided never to return.



翻译:她下定决心绝不回去。



She made up her mind not to return.


翻译:她下决心不回去。



从上面可以看出,


never


的语气要比


not


强。





独立不定词



自己就有独立的意思,可 以放在整个句子的中间、前面或后面,常会看到有逗


号隔开,不会影响主要子句意思。< /p>



to speak strictly


严格来说



To speak strictly, he is a good student.


翻译:严格来说他是个好学生。




to be frank (with you)


坦白说



形容词前面得用


be


动词。




to begin with (


一开始


)



to tell the truth (


老实说


)


I want you to tell the truth.


翻译:我要说实话。



To tell the truth, I


don’t


love you.


翻译:老实说,我并不爱你。




to be honest (


诚实说


)



to make matters worse (


更糟的是


)



to be sure (


的确


)



not to say +


形容词


(


即使不能说是…


)


即使不能说是很聪明,也可以说是很活泼。






1.


一开始,我要跟你说说我的个性。



To begin with, I



ll tell you about my character.


独立不定词在句子里面就是独立的,有自己的意思。




2.


天气很冷,更糟的是,天空又开 始下起雨来。



It was cold, to make matters worse, it began to rain.


老天爷呀,天气呀,这些无形的东西可以用


it


代替。




3 .


他会说法语和德语,更不用说英语了。



He can speak French and German, to say nothing of English.


更不用说的三种独立不定词说法:


not to mention



to say nothing of +






not to speak of +


名词



由于


to say nothing of


是独立不定词,所以在其前面要加个逗号。




4.


说这样的话,即使不能说是疯狂 ,也是愚蠢的。



实际上是在告诉我们:说这样的话是愚蠢的。



It would be foolish to say such a thing.


It would be foolish, not to say crazy, to say such a thing.


中间放了一个独立不定词


not to say (


不能说是…


)


进去。





十一、不定词的惯用表现



had better + VR(


原形不定词


) =>


最好


(


这里不是形容词哦,是动词。


)


我们最好别说。



We had better leave it unsaid.


别说肯定是指某件事,不让这件事被说出来。



leave


有让…保持某种状态,


unsaid


这里是


P.P.


表示被动且具有形容词的特


性。





would rather + VR ~ than + VR =>


宁愿…而不愿



would(=>had) sooner + VR ~ than + VR



我宁愿和你去也不愿独自待在这里。



I would rather go with you than stay here alone.


独自


alone


是副词,


here


也是副词,


stay


是动词,所以先写动词在写副词。






do nothing but + VR =>


什么都不做只…



他整天什么都不做只是吃。



He did nothing but eat all day long.


这句话强调了他“吃”这件事。



时间地点不是主词的话就可以放在句子末尾。



例如:今天是周末。



这个“今天”就是主词。



今天天气不错。



“今天”只是一个时 间副词,主词是“天气”



“今天”可放在

句尾。





choose / want nothing bu to V =>


除了…其他什么都不想



expecte / desire(


期望


) nothing bu to V


这里用的动词是不定词。




她除了平静地生活其他都不想。



She desires nothing but to live peacefully.


peace


名词,


peaceful


形容词,


peacefully


副词,副词才能修饰动词。





cannot but + VR =>


不得不


~;


忍不住



can


后面跟原形动词,


but


只是一个连接词。



cannot help + Ving


can


后面只管住了第一动词


help


为原 型,


管不住之后的动词,


所以


help


后面


的用


Ving




cannot help but + VR


can


后面用原形东西,


but


是个连接词 ,连接两个动词可当一个来看待,所以


都用原形动词。




当我听到这个消息


(


时候


)



(

< br>我


)


忍不住哭了起来。



当…时候用


when


这个连接词,连接两个主词,两个动词。



When I heard the news, I couldn



t but cry.


When I heard the news, I couldn



t help crying.


When I heard the news, I couldn



t help but cry.


When


连接的时候必须前后时态一致,这里不能用


can


改用


could






No news is good news.


News


是单数名词,至少没有坏消息传来。





have only to V =>


只要做…就行



have to


表示必须,加上了一个副词


only


,你必须只要做的就是你只要做的。



You have only to follow his counsel.


翻译:你只要照着他的建议去做就可以了。



=> All you have to do


is


(to) follow his counsels.


强调一个


focus


,一个焦点用单数动词。



这里的


you have to do


是用来补充


all


的。



is


后面用不定词或原形不定词,老外经常省略


is


后面的


to




All you have to is dream.


翻译:你所要做的就是做梦去吧。



灵活运用一个句型,比死背文章来得重要。





used to V =>


以前习惯…;过去经常



我父亲以前常吸烟,但现在不抽了。



My father used to smoke.


My father used to smoke, but now he doesn



t.


后面那句话不讲也是表达同样的意思。





be used to Ving =>


习惯…



I am used to staying up late at night.


翻译:我习惯熬夜熬得很晚。






.


动名词的用法



当主词



1.



Remembering other people



s names


is difficult for me.


=


It


is difficult for me


to remember others



names


.


当补语



1.



The best exercise in winter is skiing


2.



One American tradition is eating turkey on Thanksgiving day


重点



不定词当补语

< br>=



:


目的

,


计划


,


意愿

,


未完成的事



动名词当补语


=



:


经验


,


已知的事



His hobby is fishing in the lake.




His hobby is to fish in the lake.




当及物动词的受词



1.



You have to give up traveling.


2.



My father enjoys playing golf very much.


3.



The old man kept standing


all the while.




当介词的受词



1.



His


got scolded


for being late for school.


2.



He left the room without saying a word.



重点


to


作介词


+Ving


1.



I like to listen


to


music.


2.



I’


m looking forward


to


seeing you again.


3.



I’


m used


to


getting up early.


I used to get up late.


4.



He devoted his whole life to curing the sick in Africa.


5.



他爱说谎



He


is given to


lying.


6.



He prefers skiing to(prep.) skating.


He prefers to ski (toV) rather than skate.



to+VR/to+Ving


1.



He


is accustomed


to live/living alone.


2.



I came(went)


near(


差一点


) to run/running


over a cat.


我差一点碾到一只猫



3.



He


took to drink/drinking


after the death of his son.




. < /p>


用不定词


/


动名词当受词



To+VR/to+Ving


区别



A>to+VR


当受词




1.



The police


consented to


detect the crime


without delay.



警察同意立刻调查该项罪行


.


2.



He professed to know a lot about China.



B>Ving




1.



Have you finished writing an answer to his letter?


你写好了给他的回信了吗


?


I will answer the door.


我去开门


.


2.



Fortunately, he escaped getting hurt.


免于受伤


.



A>toVR=toVing


意思一样




1.



They ceased singing/to sing.


Stop toVR


和< /p>


toVing


不同



2.



I intend majoring/to major in economics in college.


mayor


['m


ε


?


]



n.


市长



B>toVR


不同于


toVing


1.



The boy


tired to movie


the heavy sofa. >try toVR


设法去做


(


不定做没



)


The boy


tried moving


the heavy sofa. >try Ving


尝试


(

已经在做了


)


2.



Remember to lock the door. >


祈使句一般都是要去做的



I remember locking the door last night


3.



I’ll never forget hearing


her song.


I forget to hear her song.


4.



He stopped having breakfast. > break


打破


fast


斋戒


>


前一天晚上斋戒


未吃


,


今天第一餐



He stopped to have a cup of coffee.


5.



I regret not taking care of myself. >regret Ving


后悔< /p>


(


做了某事


)



I regret to say that I can



t help you. >regret toVR


抱歉遗憾


(


没有


做某事


)


take good care of




.


动词意义上的主词



1.



Philip dislikes


Amy's/Amy wearing


mini-skirts.


like v.


喜欢


,dislike prep.



look like, unlike


Amy wear miniskirts> Philip dislikes


Amy wearing


mini- skirts.


Wearing miniskirts> Philip dislikes


Amy's wearing


mini- skirts.


2.



I can



t bear/stand him/his shouting when he is angry.


3.



I am confident of our team



s /our team winning the tournament.


4.



She is proud of her son/her son



s being clever.


pride


是名词和动词


:


n.


自豪



常用的结构:



take pride in sth.


为某事骄傲



例句:



They take great pride in her daughter who is now a famous scientist.


他们为他那科学家的女儿而感到自豪




v.


使自夸



常用结构:


pride oneself on


例句:



We prided ourselves on our good work.


我们为自己工作的表现而自豪。





proud


是形容词



常用结构:


be proud of sth.


例句:



I am very proud of being a Chinese.


作为一名中国人我很自豪





.



否定形


not(never)+Ving


5.



I am ashamed of not knowing the answer.


Shame on you!



For shame!


6.



John



s not knowing of their marriage made thing more complicated.



被动态


being+p.p


7.



I don



t like being made fun of.


8.



The regulation saves the area from being damaged.



完成形


having+p.p


9.



She isn



t aware of


having done


wrong


只有


VR


才能加


ing


而若用过去式则不能加


ing


故用完成时代替过去式



She isn



t aware that she


did


wrong.



She is proud of being a teacher.


She is proud that she is a teacher.



10.



He regrets not having studied harder in school.




.


含动名词的惯用表现



1.



There is no Ving




…是无法做到的



There is no telling what will happen next.


我们无法预知未来



Tell A from B


分辨


A



B


There is no accounting for tastes.


人的好恶是无法解释的



=It is impossible to account for tastes.


=We cannot account for tastes.


2.



It is no use/good Ving


…是没有用的



It is no use crying over spilled/spilt milk.


覆水难收



It is no use/good trying to persuade him.


=It is of no use


trying


to persuade him.


=There is no use


in


trying to persuade him.


=It is no use


for you to try


to persuade.


=It is useless


for you to try


to persuade.


3.



feel like Ving


想要


like(prep.)


feel like N


感觉


/


摸起来像什么


/


想要



I feel like a drink=I feel like drinking/having a drink


=I want a have a drink.


=I would like to have a drink.


4.



Cannot help Ving


I couldn



t help laughing when I saw his haircut.


=I couldn



t but laugh when I saw his haircut.



When I heard the news, I couldn



t but cry.


When I heard the news, I couldn



t help crying.


When I heard the news, I couldn



t help but cry.



5.



Be worth Ving


Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.


=No matter what is worth doing is worth doing well


只要有一点值得做的事情就值得好好做




This book is worth reading.


=It is worth (your) while reading/to read the book.


It would be worth his while helping/to help the foreigner.


6.



On ving


一…就…



On coming home, he switched on the TV.


As soon as he came home, he switched on the TV.


7.



In Ving


当…时


=when/while


I slipped in getting off the train.


=I slipped when/while I was getting off the train.


Get on


the bus.


Get off


the bus.


Get in


the car.


Get out of


the car.

< br>弯腰进


,


门低的



8.



It goes without saying that




不用说…



It goes without saying that our plans depend on the weather.


=Needless to say, our plans depend on the weather.



9.



What do you say Ving




…如何


?


What do you say to taking a walk by the sea?


How about taking a walk by the sea?


What about taking a walk by the sea?


10.



Need,want,des erve,stand



+Ving >


被动



This watch needs repairing.


The child wants scolding.


这孩子需要被骂


.


He deserves helping.


他值得别人帮忙



You deserve it.


名至实归


/


罪有应得



This cloth does not stand/bear washing.


这块布禁不起洗


.




★假设语气★



〈第

< br>14


卷〉假设法现在式、假设法过去式



英文中按照表达的语气可以分成三种:



直述句


(


直接叙述


)


:我的学生。你是老师。



假设句



祈使句




假设语气



<


直述句


>


If you are free, please help me with my homework.



<


假设句


>


If I were free, I could help you with your homework.


很明显直述和假设在动词的时态上有明显的差别。




现在式:大自然不变的道理


(


亘古不变


)


;不是一个时间点,而是一个时间 段。




学习重点



过去完成

< br>-


》过去式


-


》现在式


-


》未来式



事实和假 设时态差一级


(


往前推一级


)


,例如:与现在事实相反用过去式。



如果明天 下雨的话,我就待在家里。对未来的假设用的就是现在式。




一、假设法现在式


(


表示现在或未来之 不确定的假设


)


?


will


?


If +


主词


+


现在式动词


~ ,


主词


+


?


?


+ VR ~


shall


?


?




1.



If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.


翻译:如果明天下雨的话,我们将取消野餐。



句子的基本结构是一个主词


+


一个动词,


如果多了一个主词或者动词就需要连接


词。



注意,前后两个子句都用现在式,用


will


不能用


would





直述句:


I think (that) it will rain tomorrow.


一般动词后面的


that


可以省略。




重点,非


If


引导的假设语句



A>


主词


+


动词


(suggest



deman d



insist


< br>agree) + that +


假设法现在式



我建议、要求、坚持、同意你应该…,但是这些都是和目前的状况相反的。

< br>


我建议你乖一点,证明现在你不乖。




1.



I suggest that everyone (should) help in some way.


翻译:我建议每个人应该来帮忙。



Should


这个助动词才有表示“应该”的意思,


shall


只表示“将要”




所以在这里我们用


should



它在这里不是


shall


的过去式,


而是表示


“应该”

< br>。




比较的对象一样,我们可以将附加子句的对象名省略掉。



例如:我的鞋比你大。当然比较的是我两的鞋,而不是我的鞋比你的头大。

< br>



I suggest that everyone help in some way.



我建议后面大家都知道那是一种责任义务,所以


should


可以省略掉,



但是省略之后并代表它不存在,所有原来在


should


后面的动词原形省略掉


should


之后还是用原形。



所以不可用


I suggest that everyone helps in some way.




2.



I insist that she consult the doctor.


翻译:我坚持她去看医生。



She


后面省略一个


should


所以后面的动词


consult


不能加


s





B>It is +


形容词


(necessary



important


…等


) + that +


假设法现在式



1.



It is important that she (should) be honest.


It


代表的是


that


后面的子句,


it


在文法里就是假主词。



翻译:诚实是 很重要的。


(


我说这句话就是在提醒你,我发现你现在不诚实。


)


It is important.



是事实不是假设不需要用过去式,后面的子句才是假设。




It



s important for her to be honest.


翻译:对她而言诚实很重要。



这个是一般的直述句,如果要连接


that

< br>子句的时候才用假设句,与现在事实


相反。






二、假 设法过去式


(


表示与现在事实相反的假设


)


?


were


?

< br>?


would



could


?


?


?


If +


主词


+


?


过去式动词


?


~




主词


+


?


?


+


原形动词



?


should



might


?


?


过去式助动词


?


?< /p>


?



注意时态要前后平衡,因为两个子句 都是在假设的范围中,所以都是使用过去


时。



前面的子句都是用过去式,后面的字句用的都是过去式的助动词。




1.



If I were young, I could enjoy this party.


If I was young, I could enjoy this party.


美式用法


,


不提倡



翻译:如果我还年轻的话,我就能够享受这个

party




事实是:


As(Because) I am not young, I can



t enjoy this party.


翻译:因为我不再年轻,所以我不能享受这个


p arty




时态差一级事实得用现在 时,假设句是一种更委婉的否定或者拒绝。




2.



如果我有很多钱,我就买一艘游艇。



If I had a lot of money, I would buy a yacht.


没有


if



主要子句


需要助动词来表达将会做什么事情。



事实是:


As I don



t have a lot of money, I won



t buy a yacht.



3.



If I were a bird, I could fly.


翻译:如果是我一只鸟,我就能飞。




4.



If I were more beautiful, he would marry me.


翻译:如果我再漂亮一点,他就会娶我了。




三、假设法过去完成式


(

< p>
表示与过去事实相反的假设


)


?


would



could


?< /p>


If +


主词


+ had + P.P. ,


主词


+


?


?


+ have P.P.


?


should



might


?


前面


if


子句


had


是过去完成,主要子句


would


等都是过去式,


have


是完成


式,加起来就是“过去完成”





1.



If I had known the gossip then, I would have told you.


then


翻译成“那时”




翻译:如果那时候我知道流言的话,我就会告诉你。



事实是:


As I didn



t know the gossip, I wouldn



t tell you.



2.


如果那时我们的老师讲课大声点 ,我们就不会打瞌睡。



We would not have dozed off (then) if our teacher had spoken louder.



if


连接词的从属子句可以放在主要子句的后面,


then


写不写都没关系,因


为英语的时态由动词体现。




事实是:


As our teacher


didn’t


speak loud, we dozed off.


As


也是两个子句的连接词,也是可以放在两个子句中间的。



loud


在这里用原级就好了,因为没有比较,不需要比较级。





<


注意< /p>


>


在条件子句中,除了


if


之外,别的表示假设的词。



supp ose



supposing



suppose (that)



provi ding



provided


providing


不是分词,它的意思就是“倘若”




as (=so) long as



in case



unless


等等




unless


通常不用于假设语气的子句中



1.



Suppose (=Supposing) you had ten million, what would you want to do


first?


翻译:如果你有一千万,你最先想做什么?


< br>你现在并没有一千万,没有表示特别表示将来的话视同与现在事实相反。




2.



I will stay here provided (=providing) the climate agrees with me


tomorrow.


对明天做出推测,假设语气需要用现在式,


climate


是气候的意思。



翻译:如果天气适合的话,我会在这里。





(


重要< /p>


)


假设法过去式及假设法过去完成式混用



If I


had done


my homework yesterday, I


would


go on a date with her now.


If

子句是与过去事实相反用过去完成,主要子句是与现在事实相反用过去式。



注意:


主要子句它有特殊的功能,


必须要有助 动词


would



could



should



mi ght


中的一个,



表示假设要达到 的作用,


“就可以……”



“就能…… ”




若两个子句的时间不同时,其时态各自为准。



事实是:


As I


didn’t


do my homework yesterday, I can


’t


go on a date


with her now.


过去时间用过去式,现在时间用现在式。





四、假设法未来式



用于假设一种不可 能的事发生


,


应该怎么办


< p>
?


should


?


If +


主词


+


?


?


+ VR ~,


主词


+ would / will + VR ~


were



to


?


?


在主要子句中出现了


shoul d


表示“应该”


,在


if


子句中出现了


should


表示


“万一”




还有


if


子句中出现了


were to


表示这个假设是不可能出现的未来情况。





1


、万一 明天下雨的话,比赛将会


(



)


延期。



明天还是有可能下雨的,所以得用< /p>


should




If it should rain tomorrow, the game would (will) be put off.


比赛不会自己把自己延期,它是被延期,要用被动式。



我吃蛋糕,是主动;蛋糕被吃是被动。



语言和语言之间只有百分之


20%


以下的可以逐字翻译。



< p>
2


、如果太平洋干涸的话,我会改变心意。



太平洋是不可能干涸的,所以这里用


were to


表示不可能的将来状况。



If the Pacific Ocean were to dry up, I would change my mind.


言下之意就是:我绝不改变心意。



=I never change my mind.


但是用这个假设语气讲起来更好听,更委婉一些。


< p>
每个人讲话的时候都有自己的方法和习惯,讲出来的话就会不太一样。




(


重点


)


假设句中,也可将


If


省略,形成


were / Had / Should + < /p>


主词的顺



>


倒 装



1


、如果我是一只鸟,我就能飞向你。



If I were a bird, I could fly to you.


=Were I a bird, I could fly to you.


这里的


be


动词在句首不是问句哦,只是假设语句的一种变形体。




2


、如果他知道真相,他会告诉你。



If he had known the truth, he would have told you.


注意这里和过去事实相反需要用过去完成时。



Had he known the truth, he would have told you.


省略


if


然后将


had


拿到句子的前面。




3


、万一下雨的话,我会待在家。



If it should rain, I will (would) stay at home.


Should it rains, I will stay at home.


意思不变,但是第二句比第一句要简洁很多。



stay at home=stay home




五、其他假设法的表现


00:08:40


?


假设法过去式


A>~ as if / as though + S +


?



?


假设法过去完成式



(


宛如;好像


)

例如:那个小孩跟我讲话的样子好像是个大人哦。小孩就是小孩,不是大人,


所以这 是一种假设。





1.



He talks as if (=as though) he knew everything.


翻译:他说得好像他知道一切。



活字典,


walking dictionary


talks


表示现在式,与现在事实相反用过去式,假设中用 过去式


knew





2.



She looks as if (=as though) she had seen a ghost.


翻译:她看起来好像她那时见到鬼了。



我们现在讨论她的状况,好像她刚刚看到鬼,但是她刚刚并没有看到鬼,


< p>
这是我们对她过去的一种假设,所以与过去事实相反用过去完成式。




3.



He laughed as if (=as though) nothing had happened.


翻译:他那时笑得仿佛之前什么都没发生。



与过去事实相反用过去完成式。





?


假设法过去式

?


假设法过去完成式


B>~wish + S. +


?



(


但愿;希望


)



1.



I wish I knew Annie



s cellular phone number.


翻译:但愿我知道


Annie


的手机号码。



“但愿”则表示我不知道,与现在事实相反用过去式。



事实是:


I



m


sorry


(that)


I


don



t


know


Annie



s


cellular


phone


number.


Sorry


这个词 除了“对不起”之外还有“难过”



“遗憾”的意思。



翻译:我好遗憾,我不知道


Annie


的手机号码。




2.



I wish I hadn



t bought such an expensive dress then.


有个


then


表示那个时候,与过去事实相反用过去完成式。



翻译:我真希望我那时没有买那么贵的洋装。



事实是:


I



m sorry (that) I bought such an expensive dress then.


翻译:我真后悔那时买了这么贵的洋装。





?


tim e


?


?


about

time


?


?


?


C>It



s


?


?


+ (that) + S +


假设法过去式



almost tim


e


?


?


?


?


hight time


?


?



1.



It



s past midnight. It



s time (that) the children


went


to bed.


翻译:已经过了半夜了,该是小朋友上床睡觉的时候了。



当大人这样说的时候小朋友当然还没有去睡觉,与现在事实相反用过去式。

< br>



注意,只要没有明确说明是未来的都可以当成是现在式来处理。



=


It



s time for the children to go to bed.


翻译:对小朋友而言该是上床睡觉的时间了。



如果是用


(that) + S +


动词



就得用假设语气,如果是


to +VR


则是一般的陈


述句。




2.



It



s about time you apologized to her for what you did.


我在跟你说这句话时,你还没有道歉,与现在事实相反用过去式。



翻译:是时候你该为你所做的事情向她道歉。



=


It



s about time for you to apologize to her for what you did.


what you did


在这里相当于


all that you did


或者


the thing that you did



在关系代名词章节中有说明。



the thing


是先行词,


that


才是关系代名词。




?


假设法过去式


?


假设法过去 完成式


D>If only +


主词


+


?



(


注意


)if only



I wish


在表现上意思差不多。




1.



If only my tooth would stop hurting!


My tooth will stop hurting> If only my tooth would stop hurting!


翻译:但愿我的牙齿不疼了!




2.



If only I had taken her advice.


翻译:但愿那个时候我有接受她的忠告。


/


我接受她的忠告就好了。



与过去事实相反用过去完成式。



take sb



s advice



英文这个语言实在太经济了,通过动词就能判断其时态。



在中文中“那时”一定要写出来,英文就可以用动词来表示。





E>If it were not for ~ =>


假设法过去式



If it had not been for ~ =>


假设法过去完成式



(


若没有


~


的话


~ )



1.



If it were not for music, he couldn



t live a moment.


通过主要子句的


could


可以判断其时态用的是过去式。



还有从属


if


子句中的


for


介系词后面要跟名词。



省略的假设写法:



=>Were it not for music, he couldn



t live a moment.


=>Without music, he couldn



t live a moment.



=>But for music, he couldn



t live a moment.


翻译:要不是有音乐他一刻也活不下去。





If



it


had



not


been


for the


traffic



jam


?


Had



it


not


been


for the


traffic



jam


?


?


2.



?


, we would have been in time for the


Without th


e


traffic


< p>
jam


?


?


But


for the


traffic



jam


?


game.


要是那时没有塞车,我们就能及时赶上比赛。



主要子句中


would have been


是“过去”


+


“完成”


=


“过去完成”




所以


if


从属子句的时态也应该是过去完成式。



The traffic jam


表示某个特定时刻的赛车,我们国人经常漏掉的冠词。




without



but for


都是不需要考虑时态的。




六、代替


if


子句的用法



a.


用不定词代替



1. If you heard


him talk, you would think


he knew all


about


the secret.


To hear him talk, you would think he knew all about the secret.


翻译:如果你听到他谈话,你会以为他知道所有的秘密。



听到“他说”并没有指定“他说的话”


,而是“他说”这个动作,< /p>



同时要突出的是他而不是他说的话,所以不用所有格


his talk






b.


用副词连接词


/


副词片语代替



1. If I didn



t know he was innocent, I wouldn



t try to save him.


=>I know he is innocent


;



otherwise


I wouldn



t try to save him.


翻译:如果我不知道他是无辜的,我也不会想尽办法去救他。



Otherwise


否则,前面是事实,后面是与事实相反的假设。



翻译:我知道他是无辜的,否则我也不会设法去救他。




2. If we hadn



t hidden in the forest, they would have found us.


=>We hid in the forest


; otherwise


they would have found us.


翻译:如果我们没有躲在森林里的话,他们就会找到我们。



hide hid hidden




动词三态。



第二句,先说了事实,我 们躲在树林里,然后假设,否则他们就会找到我们。




otherwise


前用分号




· 错误例句


: She wrote up the idea,


then


she got a patent.


· 正确例句


: She wrote up the idea, and then she got a patent.



3. If you had a little patience, you could get over your difficulty.


=>


With


a little patience, you could get over your difficulty.


patient(a.)


有耐性的


(n.)


病人



patience n.


耐心



翻译:如果你有耐性的话,你就可以克服万难。



with


可以是介系词也可以是副词,表示“有”

< p>


if


you


都省略了,


had


这个动


词也被替换了。




4.


If


it


had


been


ten


years


ago,


I


could


have


run


around


this


lake


within


half an hour.


=>


Ten years


ago


, I could have run


around


this lake within


half


an hour.


翻译:如果是十年前,我能沿着这个湖半小时跑完。



If


子句中的


ten years ago


,这里有明显的对过去的假设,想象十年前年轻的


那种状 态,



在十年前我就可以怎么怎么样,对过去的假设用过去完成式。



第一句中的


it


代表的就是


ten years ago



had been


只是一个 形式的表现没


有实际意义一并省略。





c.


分词构句



分词分为两种:



现在分词

< p>
Ving



1


、代表动作 进行;


2


、主动


过去分词


P.P.



1

< p>
、被动



现在分词比代表现在式,过去分词也不代 表过去式,代表时态的只能是动词。



1. The same man, if he were living in this century, would be a hero.


=> The same man, living in this century, would be a hero.


翻译:同一人如果活在这个世纪,他将会是一个英雄。



他现在没有活着,与现在事实相反用过去式。



第二句,


if


省略掉,


he


和前面的


the same man


重复也可以省略掉,



主词省略了动词


were


也要去掉,因为动词是看主词脸色的,



最后只剩下


living


这个现在分词来引导原来的


if


子句,


living


表示主动,


不是动作正在进行。




2. If you were seen from a distance, you might look handsome.


=> Seen from a distance, you might look handsome.


翻译:从远一点来看,你看起来会帅一点。



第二句


if


省略,主词


you


和主要子句的


you


重复也省略,


were


也不需要了,



Seen


如果是


been


这样没有意义的动词 就会被省略,但是这个过去分词还是有


它的意思的所以保留。






d.


作主词的名词



1. If he were a man of sense, he would not say such a thing.


=>


A man of sense wouldn



t say such a thing.



翻译:如果他是一个有知识的人,他就不会说这样的话。



换句话说他是一个言不及义,乱讲一通,没有知识的人,只会大放厥词。


He is a man of sense.


有知识



He is a man of ability.


有能力



He is a man of power.


有权利


,


权威



第二句


if


省略,


he


和主要子句的


he


重复也省略,


be


动词


were


没有实际意


义也省略。



A man of sense


指的就是


he


所以主要子句的


he


也被省略掉。将 所有代表同


一个意思的赘字都去掉。




2. If he were a secret agent, he would never tell you his real name.>


他不是一个情报人员



=>A secret agent would never tell you his real name.


翻译:如果他是一个情报人员,他是不会把他的真实姓 名告诉你的。



主词省略了动词也就没有了,主词是头,头已经 掉了,作为心脏的动词也就不


会再跳动了。





否定



否定字的表现



Not


1.



My boss did not tell me to wear jeans.


My boss told me not to wear jeans.


本动词否定


>


助动词


+not+VR


不定词否定


>not to VR


2.



Dave is an Australian, not a Austrian.


3.



I met him on the street, not at the office.


4.



She


loves


him


not


because


he


is


handsome,


but


because


he


is


warmhearted.



No


not a/an=no


not any=no


1.



I have no one to count on.


I don



t have anyone to count on.


2.



No students are allowed to enter the room.


Nobody is allowed to enter the room.


No+


单数


n,


复 数


n,


不可数


n

< br>No


后面的动词形式看


no


后的 主词



Nobody=no one ,one


是单数故用


is


3.



He is no genius.


他绝非天才



I’


m no thief.



我绝不是小偷




Never [be


之后


,


助动词之后


VR


之前


] ,


1.



It never snows in the Sahara desert.


desert


1


['dez


?


t] n.


沙漠


a.


荒无人烟的



desert


2


[di'z


?


:t] v.


遗弃



一个词有两个发音



音重的是动词




dessert n.


点心



2.



You should never walk alone at night.


It



s raining cats and dogs outside.



Hardly, scarcely


['sk


ε


?


sli]


, rarely


['r


ε


?


li]


, seldom [be


之后


,


助动


词之后


VR


之前


]


1.



His success is hardly possible.


他的成功几乎是不可能的



2.



The injured child could scarcely walk.


3.



I rarely listen to classical music.


4.



England has seldom won the World Cup.



few, little


1.



Few (people) are satisfied with his answer.


2.



He showed little interest in math.


interest un.



部分否定



1.



Both of my friends did not go abroad for advanced study.


Both



not


…< /p>



并非两者都


>


其中一个去了



Neither (None) of my friends went abroad for advanced study.


Overseas Chinese


海外华侨



Go aboard


上甲板



Go abroad


出国



2.



He did not read all of these comic books.


Not



all




并非所有


>


一部分



He did not read any of these comic books.


=He read none of these comic books.


3.



She does not always agree with me.


4.



Not everybody can be a poet.


5.



Beautiful flowers do not necessarily smell sweet.


not necessarily


未必



注意



Quite, altogether(


完全地


), completely, entirely, exactly + not>


部分否





双重否定




1.



You can



t make an omelet(


蛋卷


) without breaking some eggs.


2.



It is not unusual for couples(


夫妻


) to quarrel.


夫妻吵架并不稀奇



It is usual for couples(


夫妻


) to quarrel. (


力道不够


)



否定的惯用表现



1.



He is by no means a fool.


绝非



=he is not a fool at all.


means


方法


,


手段


(


单复同形


)


I didn



t mean to say it.


我不是故意的



I didn



t mean it.


我不是故意的



Look at that mean guy.


卑鄙的家伙



By all means


务必


,< /p>


尽一切办法



2.



Traveling to the moon is no longer a dream.


=Traveling to the moon is not a dream any longer.


3.



You cannot be too careful when you drive at night.


再怎么小心也不为过



4.



It was not long before the earthquake stopped.



long before


很久以前


,< /p>


多用于完成时态



The story had happened long before.


故事发生在很久以前



I had been there long before.


我很久以前就去过那里。



有时


long before


可分开理 解,


before


作介词或连词,后接短语或句子。

< p>


It was not long before the earthquake stopped.


I had waited there long before he arrived.


他来之前,我在那已等


了很久。



before long


是介词短语,在句中作时间状语,意为 “不久之后,立刻”



常用于将来时态,如:

< br>


I hope we'll meet again before long.


我希望不久我们再见面。



The bus is arriving before long.


汽车马上就到了



5.



I didn



t graduate from university until I was twenty-five.


=It


was not


until


I was


twenty-five that I graduate from


university.


6.



Babies do nothing but cry.


7.



I cannot help admiring his courage.


=I cannot but admire his courage.


8.



There is no telling what may happen.


=It is impossible to tell what may happen.


9.



He can ride a motorcycle, not to mention a bicycle.


10.



The soldier got an order and lost no time in carrying it out.


May I take you order now?


现在您要点菜吗


?


Carry out


执行




不用否定字的否定表现



1.



Who knows what will happen tomorrow?


鬼晓得



=No one knows what will happen tomorrow.


Who cares?


2.



This book was too boring for me to read through.


3.



He would be the last person to tell a lie.


他绝不会说谎




4.



The story he told me was anything but boring.


他讲的故事是 任何除了无聊


>


他讲的故事一点也不无聊



5.



Five hundred dollars for a pair of shoes is far from cheap.


很贵



6.



This district is free from air pollution.


7.



The view from the window was beautiful beyond description.


美得无法形容



8.



This book is quite above me. (my understanding)


超出了我的理解能力



9.



He is above cheating on a test.


不可能作弊



10.



The alarm clock failed to go off.


不会再响了



11.



Heavy fog kept us from driving fast.


阻止…防止…



keep from


hinder from



['hin d


?


]



stop from


protect from


prevent from


12.



You had better refrain from alcohol.


refrain


[,ri:'frein]


避免



13.



I know better than to do such a thing.


我还没有笨到去做那种事


.


14.



We tried to open the door, but in vain.


但是办不到



vain


[vein]



adj.


徒劳的;虚荣的;空虚的



+


谢孟媛中级语法


(

< br>五大句型


)


★五大句型★



#


不提及他物


|--


完全动词


=>S+V


|--


不及物动词


(vi)--|--


不完全动词


=>S+V+C


S+V--|


|--


及物动词


(vt)- ---|--


完全动词


=>S+V+O


#


提及他物


| =>S+V+O(



)+O(



)


|--


不完全动词


=>S+V+O+C



主词:


Subject


可以是一个单词,也可以是一个片语,甚至一个子句。



动词:


Verb


形容词,副词可以用来修饰句子的这些级别元素。



受词:


Object


动作的承受者,须具有名词性。



补语:


Complement


补充 维他命


C


,补充让意思表达清楚,不可或缺的。




例如:



I love you.



love


就是需要对象的及物动词。




I cried.



这个


cried


就不需要提及他物所以是不及物动词。




I go with her.


这里


go


的后面没有直接加上宾语的,



还加了一个介系词


with


在中间的就不是及物动词




动词可以是及物动词和可以是不及物动词,关键是看它在句子里怎么用,



及物不及物都是由受词


(


宾语


)


来决定的。




I am a teacher.


注意这里的


am


动词前后还是同一个人,我是老师,老师就是我,



所以这里的


am


不是及物动词



a teacher


作为补充的语词是补语,



I love you.


我爱你,我不是你,所以你是他物,


love


才能使及物动词。



上面句子中的


am


是不完全动词,需要补充说明。




祈使句也是有主词的,


Stand up!


,完整地说是


You stand up!


只是它省略了主词,因为请求、下到命令,当然对象是面前的人了。



省略并不代表它没有主词,


Thank you very much. == I thank you very much.


---------------------------------------


五大句型例句



S + V


He got to London yesterday.


to London yesterday. adv


除非句 子是表达该地方的特色,例如伦敦是座美丽的城市


(


做主语


)




否则凡是表达地点的都是地方副词。



yesterday


是时间副词。



副词和形容词在英语里面都叫修饰语,修饰之后就可以产生不同的感觉。



翻译:他昨天达到伦敦。



所以


got


在这里是“达到”的意思。



S + V + C


He got angry.


angry


是形容词,注意受词一定要具有名词的特性,



例如动名词,不定词,名词子句,名词片语。



形容词是不能当受词的,它只能当修饰语。



翻译:他生气了。


got


这里可以翻译成“变得”




补语动词前后一定是对等的,他变得生气,生气的人是他。



S + V + O


He got a newspaper.


翻译:他得到


/


买了一份报纸。



他不是报纸,所以


got


后面是个受词。




S + V + O


(



)


+ O


(



)



He got me a newspaper.


翻译:他买给我一份报纸。


/


他买了份报纸给我。



got


这里有“买给”的意思



S + V + O + C


He got his children ready.


翻译:他使得他的小孩准备好了。


/


他已经把他的小孩做好准备。



got


这里有“使…弄得”的意思




------------------------------------------ --------------------------


------------- --------------------



S+V


1




Amy lives


in this town.


2




My older brother


usually


goes


to bed at ten.


My


所有格,


older


形容词,


都是


brother


的修饰语,


真正的主语还是


brother< /p>




动词是


go es


,地点副词时


to bed


,时间副词


at ten




翻译:我的哥哥通常十点上床睡觉。




3




In Florida,


it


usually


rains


for about an hour every day during the


hottest season.


地方副词


In Florida


,表示在这个地方,


S+V



it rains




usually



for about an hour



every day



during the hottest season


都是


时间副词。



翻译:在福罗里达州,在每一年最炎热的季节当中,每天会下雨大约一个小时。



中文的语序和英文的差得太多了,英语先是小的单位,中文是先大单位,



所以时间副词、地点副词刚好和中文是颠倒的,小的单位在前面, 大的单位在


后面。




注意:


一个句子的基本成分是主词


+

< br>动词,


但是没有说过主词一定要在动词的前


面。



There be ~



Here be ~


的句型是由第一句型演变而来的。



There



here


为副词功能的修饰语,这里、那里都是表示地点。



1



A bus comes here.


翻译:公车来了。



有些副词老外习惯把它们放在句首。



Here come


s


a bus.


注意这里的主词还是


a bus


,这 种句型叫做“


强调句






2



There are many books on the shelf.


翻译:书架上有很多书。




主词:


many books


,动词:


are


,副词:


on the shelf


比较符合中文的顺序应该这样写:



On the shelf are many books.


中文“有”的意思:


1


、我有一本书。表示拥有,书是我的;



2


、书桌上有一本书。但是书不是书 桌所拥有的,这里的有表示存在。



所以拥有才是


have


,存在是需要


be


动词。




注意:


Here are the things

< p>
(


省略了一个受格关代


which)


you want.



you want


是补充说明


things


的,由于


things


是名词,所以 补充说明名词的


是形容词,



同时它既有主词又有动词,所以它还是一个形容词子句。



由于“这里有东西”



“你想要的东西”< /p>


,同指那些物品没有提及他物,所以该子


句是补语。



翻译:这里有你想要的东西。



其实想讲的就是:你要的东西在这里。



the things you want


可以用一个


you


来代替,可以缩写成:



Here you are.


代名词


you


强调:在


There/here + V + S

< p>
的句子里,如果将动词后面的主词改成代名词


的时候,


此时代名词要拿到动词的前面,例如:



Here comes a bus.


改成用


代名词


it


代替


a bus


则应写成:



Here it comes.



翻译练习



1.



Life in Taiwan has changed a lot during the last ten years.

< p>
现在完成时和过去式


>


现在完成时有持续


,


渐进的意味



S+V+ C


S+V+C



动词后面的


C


所描述还是


S


这个主语,同一个东西所以即使


C


是 名


词也不能做受词,受词必须是“提及他物”



动词需要


C


来补充,所以也可称

之为不完全不及物动词。



这类动词还有个惯有的名称—连 缀动词,动词的功能仅仅是连贯后面的补语而


已,



当然动词本身也有一部分的意思,此类动词可以分为下列四种:



表状态


(


保持没变化的


)


be


lie



sit



stand



stay(


待在、保存


)


rest



remain



keep


等。



1



He


lay still


on the bed.


2



My uncle


stayed a bachelor


all his life.


bachelor


表示没有结婚的男生。



bachelor



['b?t


??


l


?


]




补语可以是形容词也可以是名词,



但是受词宾语就一定是名词。




表状态变化



come



become



go



get



grow


变得



make


使得



turn


转变



fall



run


等。



1



At last my dream has


come true


.


2



As we


grow older


, our memories


become weaker


.


3



The milk has


gone sour


.


对比


come true



go sour


对于我们来说好的一面当然希望其越来越近用


come


来的意思,



不好的一面当然想远离用


go


去、离开的意思。



Something goes wrong.



某样东西出意外了,没有按照我们原先的计划,不好了,用


go wrong




sweet- and-sour fish(


糖醋鱼


)


4



I fell asleep in class yesterday.


掉入梦乡



表“似乎”



seem



appear


等。



I




S + seem/appear +


形容词



II




S + seem/appear + to V (to be


形容词

< br>/


名词


)


III




It seems/appears that + S + V


1




The child


seemed (to be) tired


.


It seemed that


the child was tired.


2




She


seems to be an American


.


3



She


appeared to know


nothing about it.


It seemed/appeared that she knew nothing about it.



表“


~


起来”这里不表示“一起来”而是“听起来”


“看起来”



feel



look



smel l



taste


sound


等。人类的五官应该是眼、耳、鼻、舌、


皮肤 。



1



Ice feels hard and cold.


2



This flower smells very sweet.


3



This medicine tastes bitter.


这里的


medicine


< p>
表示所有的药,是个


种类


不能在后面加

< p>
s


的,



只有像


pill



[pil]



药丸、


capsule



胶囊



这样的具体的,才能加


s


表示多颗或


者多粒,



再如


money


表示所有钱币的总称是不可数名词。



真正吃药用


take medicine



take


是服用的意思,不能用


eat



eat


有品尝

的意思要有乐趣的





注意:这一类连缀动词都有如下的规则




I.



feel (look



smell


……


) +


形容词



II.



feel (look



smell


……


) + like +


名词



1




How


does the little tiger


look


? It looks cute.


看起来怎么样



What


does the little tiger


look like


? It looks like a cat.


看起来像什么




在英文中


询问状态要用


how


,例如:今天天气如何。



How is the weather




What is the weather like





feel


的用法



feel like +


名词



?



摸起来像…



It feels like fur.



feel like +


名词


/ Ving


?



想要…



I don



t feel like taking a walk now.



be feeling +


形容词



?



渐渐觉得…


(


主语是人


)


After taking medicine, I



m feeling much better.


After I took medicine, I



m feeling much better.


表示想要有三种用法:



I want to see a movie.



--want +


不定词



I would like to see a movie.


I feel like seeing a movie.


--like


后面要用动名词,因为


like


解释成


想要是介系词。




另外口语:


我就是不想去

< p>


/


我就是不想要




I don



t feel like it.



feel


表示“感觉起来 …”



“摸起来…”是


不能用进行式< /p>


的。



be feeling +


形容词,这里却用了现在进行式,



这 里有个前提条件,就是主词一定要是人,


人的感受才会“渐渐觉得…”

< br>,




S+V+O


翻译练习



1.



They look very lively in the pictures (which) I took.


-ly adj. lovely (adj.


可爱的


,


有趣的


) friendly (adj.


友好的


,


友谊的


)


likely (adj.


很可能的


,


合适的


,


可靠的


,


有希望的


) silly (adj.


愚蠢的


,


无聊的


,


失去知觉的


,


无助的


)


-ly n. daily(


日报


)


2.



The


problem


of


air


pollution


in


cites


has


become


more


and


more


serious.


S+V+O


第三句型


S + V + O



S



O


必须是不同的两个事物。相同的是


S



C



1



I didn



t


understand the meaning


of his words.



2



The man


robbed him


of all his money.


?


He was robbed of all his money.


翻译:这个人抢了他所有的钱。



注意:



rob +



+ of +




steal +



+ from +




of all his money


在里是做


O


的修饰语。




3



My mother will


take care of the puppy


.


puppy


['p


?


pi]


小狗狗。



My mother will take good care of the puppy.


Take care


后面有对象的时候


of


要出来,


take care of yourself




如果没有对象的话


take care


就已经是个完整的句子,


“保重”的意思。




重点讲解



同族受词



动词


(dream



sleep



live



die



fight



smile

< p>


)+


同族受词



同族受词:这些词都有动词和名词两种形式。



1



I


dreamed


a strange


dream


last night.


2



I


slept


a sound


sleep


in the soft bed.



sound



当形容词解释成“舒适的 ……,安逸的……”




sound



当名词是“声音”大自然 界的,但是人的声音


(


或嗓子


)



voice



< /p>


例如:


“我有一副好嗓子。


< p>


I have a


good voice


.


sound


当动词表 示“听起来…”


,例如“听起来不错。




Your idea sounds great. / It sounds great. / Sounds great.



3.



She lived an unhappy life.


过生活:


live a life


翻译:她过着一个不幸的


/


不快乐的生活。




4.



He died a miserable death.


die


是动词,


death


是名词。



翻译:他死得很凄惨。




5.



They fought a good fight.


翻译:他们打了一场胜仗。



No fighting




不准打架!



三态:


fight fought fought


打仗也是


fight



6.



She smiled a sweet smile.



微笑


smile


,大笑


laugh


照相 时心情不好的时候可以说


cheese(


起司

< br>/


奶酪


)


,想表现得很痛苦都难 。中


文茄子




翻译练习



vender/vendor


小贩


street vender


街边小摊



pick up


捡起来


;

< p>
接某人



pickup


小货车



pick your nose


挖鼻孔



1.



Every


afternoon


a


vendor


drives


a


pickup


to


our


community


to


sell


the


vegetables.


everyone


每个人


,


大家




one


不可加修饰语



every one


每个人


/





one


可加修饰语

< br> every one of us


我们每个人



2.



He


knows


every


one


of


us


in


our


neighborhood,


and


every


one


of


us


knows


him, too.



S+V+O+O


句型


?


S +


授予动词


+ O(



) + O(



) --


人乃万物之灵,所以人在前物在


后。



+ O(



) +


介词


+ O(



) --


物造反了跑到前面需 要用介


词将其和人隔开来。



授予动词就是给我给了某人什么物品,我把物品给了某人。



例如:我给她一朵花。



花是在我的手 上直接拿着的是


直接受词


,她是给这个动作的

< br>间接受词




所以


物是直接受词



人是间接受词




重点:授予动词之后的介系词可分为下列几项:



(1)


介系词


to




allow



gi ve



hand


recommend(


推荐


[,rek

?


'mend]


)



write




1.



He handed the clerk the money.


?


He handed the money to the clerk.


翻译:他把这笔钱递给了店员。



注意:物在前,人在后就必须在他两中间加个介系词。




抢劫


rob


不是授予动词哦。



rob sb of sth



2.



The teacher recommended us the book.


?


The teacher recommended the book to us.


翻译:老师推荐了这本书给我们。



中文翻译会加上一个“给”字,所以是授予动词。




(2)


介系词


for





bring



choose



make



spare(

挪出,腾出


)




1




She made her daughter a new dress.


?


She made a new dress for her daughter.


翻译:她为她女儿做了一件新的洋装。



S



She



V



made


O(



)



her daughter



O(



)



dress



2




Can you


spare


me a few minutes?


?


Can you


spare


a few minutes for me?


翻译:你能给挪出几分钟给我吗?




(3)


其他比较特殊的介系词,以上两种出现得比较多,特殊比 较少。



1



He asked me a strange question.


?


He


asked


a strange question


of


me.



2



He threw me a stone.


?


He


threw


a stone


at


me.



3



He played me a trick.


?


He


played


a trick


on


me.


翻译:他对我恶作剧。




重点讲解一



直接受词


(



)


若改为


代名词


,只能用句型


<


直接受 词


(



)+


介 系词


+


间接受词


(


)>


1



Would you please pass me the salad?


?


Would you please


pass it to me


?


?


Would you please


pass me it


?


翻译:请你把沙拉传给我,好吗?



和西方人吃饭要讲究


table manners


,餐桌礼仪,



千万不 要站起来伸手去拿你想要的东西,要轻轻和旁边的人说请你把


XX


传给


我好吗?



如果旁边的人拿不到,他会继续请他旁边的人帮他传过来。



把手伸到别人的盘子里是很不礼貌的一个行为。



lazy Susan


(餐桌上盛食物便于取食的


.


据说是由一位名叫


Susan

的女侍发明,


故名)圆转盘



< /p>


2



I



ll buy you the bike.


?


I



ll buy


it for you


.


翻译:我会把自行车买给你。




重点讲解二



<


疑问词


(what



how



which



) + to V>


在英文里称为名词片语,名词子句也


可以当直接受词 。




1



He told me


how to stop smoking


.


S



He


< br>V



told



O(



)


< br>me



O(


< br>)



how to stop smoking (


名词片语


)


如果疑问词后面接个动词的时候,一定要用动词的不定式


to V




翻译:他告诉我该如何戒烟。




2



She told us


that he would leave for America soon.



S


She



V


told



O(



)



us


< br>O(



)


he


would


leave


for


America


soon


(that


连接的名词子句


)


leave


可以表示离线、停留、遗留



leave for


前往



翻译:她告诉我们她不久之后就要前往美国。




翻译练习


44:35


1.



His parents left him


a big fortune (


一大笔财富


).



His parents left a big fortune for him.


His parents left it for him.


Leave Taiwan


Leave for American


Leave Taiwan for American.


Leaves leaf


叶子的复数



2.



She


sent


both



her


friends


and



her


husband



s


friends


a


lot


of


Christmas


cards.


She


sent


a


lot


of


Christmas


cards


both


to



her


friends


and



her


husband



s friends.


S+V+O+C


第五句型:


S + V + O + C


,补语


C


是补充说明受词


O


的,这样的补语称为受


词补语。



第二句型:


S + V + C


没有 受词


O


,所以补语是补充说明主语


S< /p>


的,叫做主词


补语。




1



They found that stranger a spy.


翻译:他们发现那个陌生人是个间谍。



They found that stranger.


“他 们发现那个陌生人。


”已经是一个完整的句子。



但是这句话主要重点是指出他们发现那个人陌生人的身份是个间谍,



陌生人的身份就是对那个陌生人的补充描述,所以


C

< br>:


a spy


是个受词补语。




2



We must always keep the classroom clean.


S



We



V< /p>



must


keep


(


动词要包括助动词,因为助动词是帮助动词,所以他两


是一伙的


)




O



the classroom



C



clean


,频率副词:


always


是个修饰语



翻译:我们要一直保持教室的干净。



-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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