-
2013
年
5
月
18
日托福阅读真题回忆
Passage 1
1890
’
s
之前，美国尚未经历
City Beautiful
Movement
，除却极个别的
Washington
D.C
，当时的城市规划最大的特点就是——
no urban
planning.
影响美国人
民住址选定的几个因素主要为：
economics
，
preference
to
live
individually, etc.
当时的两大特点为：
1.
随着移民风潮
(migration)
和大量农村
人口涌入城市，
城市对于住房的要求开始增长
;2.
大量城市人口
(urbanites)
考虑到城市
居住诸
多隐患，迁移乡村。
主要的城市居住弊端为，
大量建筑材
料易燃、
楼距太近、
城市明火使用导致
火灾频发
;
排水系统不完善，进而啮齿类动物传播疾病，危及居
民健康。
总而言之，
当时的城市规划相当不完善，
没有统一的政府监管
，
基础设施建
设相当落后。
Passage
2
Topic: Honeybees Juvenile Hormone
在蜜蜂种群当中，
根据年龄的不同，
承担不同的任务，
这种现象称之为<
/p>
“
age
polytheism
”
。
比如，
年幼的蜜
蜂，
一般在蜂巢工作，
feed
the
queen
and
pupae;
年长一点的蜜蜂，
负责找食物<
/p>
(forage)
和存储食物。
分工不同
的具体解释为，
特
定举动的频率会比较高，而并非彻底
add
or
eliminate
to
the
total
number
of
the
tasks they perform(
此处考点
)
。
研究表明，如此的分工，主要是由于蜜蜂当中一种叫做
Juvenile
Hormone
的物质进行控制。
Juvenile Horm
one
随着蜜蜂年龄的增长，分泌的速率提升，
JH
刺激蜜蜂大脑当中叫做
mushroom
区域逐渐
增大，导致最后行为的不同。
<
/p>
实验验证，
摘除蜜蜂分泌
JH
的区域，
人工注射
JH
类
似物，
能够使蜜蜂转变
行为方式。
Passage
3
南美
洲太平洋东岸的居民，
每年都能迎来由南极洲方向洋流涌向赤道，
在季
风共同作用下，
深层富含营养的冷水涌向海表层，
带来大量的鳀鱼
(anchovies)
。<
/p>
但特定年份，海水异常温暖，持续
2-3
个月，因为发生在耶稣降临的月份周围，
所以被称之为“圣婴(El
Ni?o)现象”。
Gilbert Walker
研究太平洋东岸和西岸气压发现
了“跷跷板效应
(Seesaw
Effect)
”，东岸气压高，则西岸气压低
;
反之亦然，该现象
与厄尔尼诺有着千丝
万缕的关系，所以合称——El
Ni?o
-Southern
Oscillation
。
回溯
15
世
纪，西班牙人的各种记录，厄尔尼诺之前每隔
6
年发生一次，近
年来有频率上升的趋势，每隔
2
年发生
一次
;
且强度逐年增高，比如美国遭受暴
雨侵袭等。
2013
年
5
月
18
日托福阅读真题
解析
Passage 1
1890
’
s
之前，美国尚未经历
City
Beautiful
Movement
，除却极个别的
Washington
D.C
，当时的城市规划最大的特点就是——
no urban
planning.
影响美国人
民住址选定的几个因素主要为：
economics
，
preference
to
live
individually, etc.
当时的两大特点为：
1.
随着移民风潮
(migration)
和大量农村
人口涌入城市，
城市对于住房的要求开始增长
;2.
大量城市人口
(urbanites)
考虑到城市
居住诸
多隐患，迁移乡村。
主要的城市居住弊端为，
大量建筑材
料易燃、
楼距太近、
城市明火使用导致
火灾频发
;
排水系统不完善，进而啮齿类动物传播疾病，危及居
民健康。
总而言之，
当时的城市规划相当不完善，
没有统一的政府监管
，
基础设施建
设相当落后。
解析：
本
篇文章典型的历史类文章，
讲城市的发展。
重点讲了当时人们居
住
生活的特点，
影响人们居住模式的因素，
该居住模式带来的影响三大方面的内容。
相关内容大家参照以下文章内容理解。
Rise
of Industrial America
Between
1880
and
1900,
cities
in
the
United
States
grew
at
a
dramatic
rate.
Owing
most
of
their
population
growth
to
the
expansion
of
industry,
U.S.
cities
grew
by
about
15
million
people
in
the
two
decades
before
1900.
Many
of
those
who
helped
account
for
the
population
growth
of
cities
were
immigrants
arriving
from
around
the
world.
A
steady
stream
of
people
from
rural
America
also
migrated
to
the
cities
during
this
period.
Between
1880
and
1890, almost 40 percent of the townships in the
United States lost
population because
of migration.
Industrial
expansion
and
population
growth
radically
changed
the
face
of the nation's cities. Noise, traffic
jams, slums, air pollution, and
sanitation and health problems became
commonplace. Mass transit, in the
form
of trolleys, cable cars, and subways, was built,
and skyscrapers
began
to
dominate
city
skylines.
New
communities,
known
as
suburbs,
began
to
be
built
just
beyond
the
city.
Commuters,
those
who
lived
in
the
suburbs
and
traveled
in
and
out
of
the
city
for
work,
began
to
increase
in
number.
Many of those who resided in the city
lived in rental apartments or
tenement
housing. Neighborhoods, especially for immigrant
populations,
were often the center of
community life. In the enclave neighborhoods,
many
immigrant
groups
attempted
to
hold
onto
and
practice
precious
customs
and
traditions.
Even
today,
many
neighborhoods
or
sections
of
some
of
the
great
cities in the United States reflect those ethnic
heritages.
During
the
final
years
of
the
1800s,
industrial
cities,
with
all
the
problems
brought
on
by
rapid
population
growth
and
lack
of
infrastructure
to support the growth,
occupied a special place
in
U.S. history.
For all
the
problems, and there were many, the cities promoted
a special bond
between
people
and
laid
the
foundation
for
the
multiethnic,
multicultural
society that we cherish today
City Beautiful
Movement
The
City
Beautiful
Movement
was
a
reform
philosophy
of
North
American
architecture
and
urban
planning
that
flourished
during
the
1890s
and
1900s
with
the
intent
of
introducing
beautification
and
monumental
grandeur
in
cities.
The
movement,
which
was
originally
associated
mainly
with
Chicago,
Cleveland,
Detroit,
and
Washington,
D.C.
promoted
beauty
not
only
for
its
own sake,
but also to create moral and civic virtue among
urban
populations.[1] Advocates of the
philosophy believed that such
beautification could thus promote a
harmonious social order that would
increase the quality of life.
Origins and
Effect
The
movement began in the United States in response to
crowding in
tenement districts, a
consequence of high birth rates, increased
immigration and consolidation of rural
populations into cities. The
movement
flourished for several decades, and in addition to
the
construction of monuments, it also
achieved great influence in urban
planning
that
endured
throughout
the
20th
century,
in
particular
in
regard
to
the
later
creation
of
housing
projects
in
the
United
States.
The
City
newer suburbs
of London, and there was cross-influence between
the two
aesthetics,
one
based
in
formal
garden
plans
and
urbanization
schemes
and
the other, with its
atmosphere.
Passage 2
Topic: Honeybees Juvenile
Hormone
在蜜蜂种群当中
，
根据年龄的不同，
承担不同的任务，
这种现象称之为
“
age
polyt
heism
”
。
比如，
年幼的蜜蜂，
一般在蜂巢工作，
feed
the
queen
and
pupae;
年长一点的蜜蜂，
负责找食物<
/p>
(forage)
和存储食物。
分工不同
的具体解释为，
特
定举动的频率会比较高，而并非彻底
add
or
eliminate
to
the
total
number
of
the
tasks they perform(
此处考点
)
。
研究表明，如此的分工，主要是由于蜜蜂当中一种叫做
Juvenile
Hormone
的物质进行控制。
Juvenile Horm
one
随着蜜蜂年龄的增长，分泌的速率提升，
JH
刺激蜜蜂大脑当中叫做
mushroom
区域逐渐
增大，导致最后行为的不同。
<
/p>
实验验证，
摘除蜜蜂分泌
JH
的区域，
人工注射
JH
类
似物，
能够使蜜蜂转变
行为方式。
解析：
本
篇文章是典型关于动物行为的分析类文章。
具体的文章结构应为提
出一个现象：
“在蜜蜂种群当中，根据年龄的不同，承担不同的任务，这种现象
称之为“
age
polytheism
”之后提出结论：“
Juvenile
Hormone
的物质进行控
制”。最后实验验证结论“摘除蜜
蜂分泌
JH
的区域，人工注射
JH
类似物，能够
使蜜蜂转变行为方式”的三部分。相应背景知识请大家
参照以下内容把握。
Juvenile hormone
Juvenile
hormones
(JHs)
are
a
group
of
acyclic
sesquiterpenoids
that
regulate many aspects of insect
physiology. JHs regulate development,
reproduction, diapause, and
polyphenisms.
In insects, JH (formerly called
neotenin) refers to a group of
hormones, which ensure growth of the
larva, while preventing
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