-
英汉翻译讲解（
1
）
I.
英汉之间的差别：
“对于中国学生最
有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。
”
------
吕叔湘
国内学者的共识是：汉语是
综合性的，描写性的
，而英语是
分析性的，逻
辑性的
。在语
言学上最重要的区别在于形合和意合的对比
（
contrast between hypotaxis and
parataxis
）
，
英语
重
形合（形式上的融合）
，汉语重
意合（意思或意境的融合）
。在句法方面，有学者形象地把
< br>英汉比喻为以下几种：
1
．
雄孔雀
/
雄狮
-----
即英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来，
开门见山，
一语
破的，然后再把各种标志一条条补述，一步步交代，慢条斯理，从容不迫，形成一
条头短尾
长地线性链，象头小尾大地雄孔雀。
而汉语则相反，其
线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛，
先把
外围的环境与衬托一一交代
周到，
最后点出话语的信息中心，
水到渠成，
< br>给人以豁然开朗之
感，形成雄狮型头大尾小地局式。
例如：
I was all the more
delighted when, as a result of the initiative of
your Government it
proved possible to
reinstate the visit so quickly.
译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得
以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。
又如：
The assertion that it was difficult, if
not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic
rights unless it was able to determine
freely its political status and to ensure freely
its economic,
social and cultural
development was now scarcely
（不足地，
不充分地；
一定不，
绝不）
contested
（斗争；比赛）
.
译文：
如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文
化的发展，
要享受其基本权利，
即使不是不可能，
也是不容易的。
这一论断几乎是无可置辩
的了。
2
．
葡萄
/
竹竿
-
----
即把英语句子比作“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕
的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，
内容像竹竿一样
一节一节展开，常称为“竹竿型”结构。
She was beautiful, with long dark hair
and brilliant green eyes.
她长
得很美，一头乌黑亮丽
的长发，一双晶莹明亮的绿色眼睛。
She
has
smooth
akin
as
pale
and
iridescent
as
the
moon
shining
over
a
snow-
covered
landscape.
她光滑的肌肤白里透红
，宛如皎洁的月光洒在茫茫血地上。
3
．
多枝共
干
----
英语句子中还有两个或几个动词共受一个状语修饰，
共有一个主语或
宾语，
或者两个或几个状语共同修饰一个动词，
两个或几个主语或宾语共一个动词，
这就好
比几根树枝长在同一根树干上，我们称为“多枝共干”式结构。
4
．
也有学
者认为英语是一种弥漫着
“男子气”
的语言。
< br>逻辑性、组织性和理性
是以英
语为母语的民族的思维支撑
点，从而就形成了英语的“
阳刚之美
”
。而汉语自有汉语之美。
汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，
不执着于形式结构的规范，
中国人的思维
支撑点似乎
更具有
抽象，
深邃和疏放
的取向，
由此繁衍生出的是显赫的暗示和幽远的意境从
而形成汉语的
“阴柔之美”
。汉语的魅力在于她的
流散和疏放
，系于她
超凡的暗示力和意境
性
。所以汉语的形式机制很弱，主谓宾没有形式标定，主谓间关系松散，宾语无定格，无定
位，主语的超句承接功能很强。
如果说汉语
是一种“
人治”
语言，那么，英语则是一种“
< br>理性
”语言。汉语能
化逻辑为
内
在，
英语则必须将逻辑外化，
化作种种行合的标记，化作启转承
合的纽带。英语语法规范
森严，理性十足；英语形式逻辑缜密，滴水不漏。
5
．汉语是一种
意境语言
，一种
艺术语言
。寥寥数词，就能出意
境，出氛围，出画面。
当然，英语表情达意的优势也不能低估。比如，
< br>metaphor
比喻
就是英语最大的优势。这个比
喻并非狭义上的把
A
比作
B
不使用比喻词如
as, like, as if<
/p>
等的隐喻
/
暗喻，而是广义上英语
词汇的比喻义。
换言之，
也可以说是英语词汇
denotation
（本义）
之外的
connotation
（转义）<
/p>
。
试译下面句子，
仔细体会汉语在这里给人体现出来的意境的美，
英语体现的逻辑很清楚
的理性的美。
）
1
．
She was in a
flood of tears.
她泪流如注。
（注意
flood
（本义是水灾）这个词的转义所
表
现出来的英语的美：
）
The
corridors were flooded with
girls.
走廊里挤满了女孩子。
Strawberries flooded the market and
prices dropped
down.
草莓充斥市场，价格下跌。
Beer flooded from the
glass.
啤酒从杯中溢出。
2<
/p>
．她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。
This is how she carries on her work,
rain or shine, all the year round.
3.
人言鼎沸：
Many
people
talk
together
and
the
noise
they
make
is
like
the
bubbling
of
water boiling in a cauldron.
4.
面如菜色：
hungry looking; look
famished
5
．西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风
光奇丽。
（这里的汉语只有
17
个字，
却勾勒
出西湖的意境的美，而英语则要把这里的逻辑弄清楚，再把汉语内在的逻辑完全外
化出来）
The West
Lake
is
like a
mirror,
embellished
all
around
with
green
hills
and
deep caves
of
enchanting beauty.
6
．
The stage of
mental comfort to which they had arrived at this
hour was one wherein their
souls
expanded beyond their skins, and spread their
personalities warmly through the room.
他们那时所达到的欢畅阶段是：神游身外，脱却形骸，满眼生花，满室生春。
7
．
《红楼
梦》袭人说：一百年还记得呢？比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，
早起就忘了
。
（汉语具有的超凡的暗示力，英语则要把暗示的逻辑外化出来。
）
“
I
will remember if I live to be a
hundred
”
said Aroma.
“
I am not like you, letting
what I say
go in at one ear and out at
the other forgetting what
’
s
said at night by the next
morning.
”
8.
We
had
plenty
of
company
in
the
way
of
wagon-loads
and
mule-loads
of
tourists---and
dust.
同路的有许多旅客，有乘旅游马车的，也有骑骡子的
---
一路尘土飞扬。
9. Clearly, when
it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand
doesn
’
t make perfect.
显然，在婚姻问题上，婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。
10. Change is part of life and the
making of character. When things happen that you
do not
like, you have two choices: You
get bitter or better.
变化是生活的一部分，
而且也塑造了人的意志品德。
当你不喜欢的事情发生了，
你有两
种选择：要么痛苦不堪，要么痛快达观。
试翻译以下短文：
SV(student version),
RV(revised version)
Commentaries on the Version of
< br>“
一个女人是这样衰老的
”
一个女人是这样衰老的
题目的翻译
SV
：
How a Woman Ages/A
Woman
’
s Aging/A Woman Fades
Thus/What causes
a Woman to Grow
Old/The Way in Which a woman is Aging/How a Woman
Gets
Old
RV: The Way Woman
Withers
点评：
Rhetorical
Device: distillation and aesthetic hightlights of
language, either
Chinese or English/The
successful employment of
alliteration(
头韵
)
1
．二十岁的时候，
我穿着一条背心式
牛仔裙在校园里走来走去，
一说话就脸红。
三十岁的我穿着名牌
套装，
坐在办公桌前，
满脸冷酷地对下属说：
< br>“这么愚蠢
的问题你也敢问？也不先打个草稿。
”
SV: At the age of twenty, I
walked about on the campus, wearing a vestlike
jean skirt.
My face would turn red
whenever I speak. After I have turned thirty, I am
seated in
front of a bureau, in a suit
of famous brand, reproaching a subordinate coldly
“
How
dare you
ask such a stupid question? Why
didn
’
t you make a draft
first?
”
RV: At
the age of twenty, wearing a jeans jumper, I moved
about on the campus, my
face blushing
the moment
I had the inclination
to make an utterance. At the age of
thirty,
I,
wearing
a
famous-
brand
suit
and
a
cold
look,
reproach
my
subordinate
bluntly,
“
How can you go so far as to
raise such a silly, mindless
question?
”
点评：
Zeugma (
轭式修饰法<
/p>
)
：
a figure of
speech in which a single word, usually a
verb
or
adjective,
is
syntactically
related
to
two
or
more
words,
though
having
a
different sense in relation to each.
More examples:
The
senator
picked
up
his
hat
and
his
courage/She
possessed
two
false
teeth
and
a
sympathetic
heart/ He lost the game and his temper.
2
．二十岁的时候，从图书馆借的是《莎士比亚全集》
、
《一个青年艺术家的自画
像》和《尤里西斯》
。三十岁之后，床头摆的是《跟庄密笈》
、
《
ELLE
》和《经
理人的个人魅力》
< br>.
SV:
At
the
age
of
twenty,
The
Collected
Works
of
Shakespeare,
The
Portrait
of
an
Artist
as
a
Young
Man,
and
Ulysses
were
borrowed
from
the
library.
After
thirty,
Strategy of
Speculation on Stocks, ELLE and
Manager
’
s Personal Charm
were put on
the bedside.
RV:
At
the
age
of
twenty,
I
borrowed
books
from
the
library
like
Shakespeare
’
s
Complete Works, A Portrait of the
Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses.
After
thirty, on my
bedside, lie such books
and magazines as
The Recipe on Stocks,
Elle and Manager
’
s
Charm.
点评：
Syntactically
（
依照句法地）
, aesthetic value goes to Eng-Weightness in
English,
which is not the case with
Chinese. For example:
Gone are the days
when I was young. VS. The days when I was young
are gone.
Word came that
bribery
行贿
has
sent him to prison. VS. Word that bribery has sent
him to prison came.
3
．二十岁的暑假，
在家乡的大街上偶遇自己的暗恋对象，
听说他考上了研究生，
被他的进步所打击，心如刀绞，想到这辈子终于不能出色得让他
看我一眼，
不禁怅然泪下。三十岁之后，到处打听那里可以花钱买个
MBA.
SV: At 20, during a summer
holiday I encountered my beloved one on the street
of my
hometown. I heard he was admitted
to be a graduate. I was struck by his advance. I
couldn
’
t help
shedding tears in my extreme grief. I thought that
for this life I could
never achieve
much to let him see me in a new light. After 30, I
inquire everywhere
where to purchase an
MBA certificate.
RV: At the age of
twenty, I ran into the
young man whom I
loved in private in the
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：奥的斯AT120门机随机文件
下一篇：第二章 放射成像中剂量管理