纺织 外文翻译 英文文献 中英翻译 中国的纺织工业国际竞争优势

中炒到

16

2005

年首五个月相当惊人的水平。

第三，

引发纠纷不仅涉及发达国

家，如美国，但 也有不少发展中国家，如墨西哥，阿根廷和巴西。

2.

中国纺织行业的瓶颈

（

1

）严重依赖于要素禀赋优势

大多数中国出口的纺织品和服装产品集中 在低或中等质量的，在世界市场这

说明中国很大的价格优势，

由 于廉价的劳动力，

但在质量和品种较少的竞争优势。

第一个方面，

中国纺织产品在结构上相似，缺乏多样性和低技术，这使得 中

国纺织产品容易被模仿。

中国的纺织品和服装产品具有很强的 替代产品，

均来自

于其他发展中国家，因而不善于竞争优势和弱 势贸易壁垒。在第二个方面，

日益

加剧的竞争低技术含量，低附 加价值的纺织品市场趋于迫使世界上的出口商妥

协，而进口商希望获得其他政治或经济利 益，

由于治或经济原因，

所以一些发达

国家往往会对某些产品，某些歧视性政策国际贸易规则框架政。

（

2

）中 国国内企业间的激烈的竞争

在

'

薄利多销翻身

“的传统，

在中国企业以及在中国的外汇积累迫使许多出口

企业政府长期的出口补 贴削减价格，

以达到他们的出口目标，

并因此招致反倾销

措施。有些公司甚至不惜零利润价格出售产品，

以获得出口补贴或缺点 。

乱七八

糟的定价活动是最有可能遭受美国和其他国家产生贸易 限制。

此外，

中国仍然有

待加强对经济 转型的方式和政策透明度。

高浓度出口中国四大最有分量的纺织品出口市场是香港（中国）

，日本，

欧盟和美国，这在总吸收中国纺织产品出口的

70

％。中国纺织品出口到非洲，

拉丁美洲，中 东和其他

100

多个国家在增加，然而聚集份额占仅

％

，这比日

本的更小。出口的高地域集中度相当可能诱发贸易保护主义的目标国家

/

地区，

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提高贸易争端的可能性，这是有害于中国纺织行业的长远发展。

3.

发达国家的保护主义

（

1

）从 进口国的国内产业压力

中国已 成为纺织品和服装产品世界最大的出口国，凭借它在纺织行业的快速

发展，其特点在于扩 大规模，

增加产量国和贸易顺差收入来源之一。

发达国家考

虑到他们的政治选举或保护国内产业从而倾向于寻找借口对中国的纺织品和服

装产品进口限制，

。因此，贸易保护必然作为他们的长期战略。中国作为世界上

最大的纺织品出口国，作出相应承担其贸易限制的冲击。此外，

中国是世界上最

大的社会主义国家，

在不同的政治制度和其他发 达国家的意识形态工作，

这很可

能是另一个借口歧视或障碍。在 另一方面，中国加入

WTO

，政府或企业有足够的

经验足够长的时间致远在保护国内产业的国际贸易规则框架下。

这是贸易争端 诱

饵。

（

2

）保护过渡

此外，技术性贸易壁垒和其他非关税保护措施，包括环境 标准，技术标准，

在包规则及标签和劳动工资，

等等，

都还可以向发达国家为他们对纺织工业的保

护。举例来说，许多发达国家 制定的标准对环境的保护（如技术标准，染料，纺

织纤维及纤维加工环境，安全标准的纺 织产品和标准生产的情况下的标准）

，

工资标准，劳动权利等。

这些复杂的标准，

很可能是被发达国 家用来从其他国家

的进口限制。

（

3

）利用在中国人民共和国加入特殊 物品和条款的协议

尽管配额 从

2005

年

1

月

1

日取消，

中国仍然面临着一些特 殊的物品和条款，

其中两个普遍采用的限制。一个是对中国纺织产品特别保障措施。截至

2008

年

12

月

31

日中国进口伙伴授予中国纺织品的产品，其中配额是最 初被取消数量限

制，存在或市场扰乱威胁“的条件和原产于中国的产品在被破坏“

，在工作组

对中国加入

WTO

（

241-242

）的 报告指出。像美国，欧盟，韩国，日本，加拿

大和印度等国根据这一条款相继制定法规。

其他条款是特殊的安全防范措施。

根

据 第

16

条，对特定产品过渡性保障机制对中国人民共和国的入世 议定书，进口

商被授予采取针对中国产品的限制，

如果是后者引 起市场扰乱

“

，

直到

2013

年。

除了以上提到的因缘，值得注意的是，

不仅有出口商和他们的进口商之间，< /p>

也有

出口商之间的矛盾和冲突。

中国在出 口快速增长，

从其他纺织品出口商产生怨恨。

在这些国家的一些 商业协会已经征求欧洲国家和美国对中国纺织品的配额延长。

同时，

一些发达国家正在寻求在保护最不发达国家的经济利益的借口下针对中国

的贸易保护 。

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China’s Textile Industry

International Competitive Advantage

1

2

Abstract

The share of China’s textil

e industry in global textile market has kept expanding

for more than 20 years by full utilization of its advantage in factor endowment since the

Reform and Opening Policy. This paper

argues that current competitive advantage of

China’s

textile

industry

is

still

based

on

traditional

factor

comparative

advantage,

which

may

be

weakened

since

the

technology

of

international

textile

industry

is

upgrading continually and the international competition is more intensely than before.

After

China’s

entrance

to

WTO

th

ere

are

some

difficulties

such

as

indisposition

of

industry

and

trade

structure,

trade

barriers

to

Chinese

textile

industry.

How

to

accelerate

industry

structure

upgrading

and

enhance

international

competitive

advantage

of

China’s

textile

industry

is

the

p

rimary

issue

for

the

development

of

China’s textile industry.

Textile industry has long been a pillar to China’s economy thanks to its advantage in

factor endowment

and market scale. Trade volume of textile sector has increased by

27.11 times during the past 25 years (from

the Reform and Opening). In 2005, textile

export took up 15.4% of China’s total export and 24.4% of the

world’s total export in

textile, and the production and export of Chinese textile products are both the largest in

the world.

No

netheless,

China’s

textile

industry

is

facing

various

difficulties,

such

as

excessive

resource

reliance,

low

technology

and

value

added,

indisposition

in

trade

structure and highly concentrated export markets, etc.

More and more trade sanctions

against

Chi

na’s

textile

products

are

particularly

noteworthy

as

they

cast

tight

restrictions on China’s competitive advantage in this industry. This paper aims at an

in-depth investigation to

competitive advantage of China’s textile industry and brings

corresponding suggestions.

I. International Competitive advantage Of

China’s Textile Industry

In

view

of

the

relation

of

factor

and

international

competitive

advantage,

the

development

of

textile

industry

is

still

determined

by

labor

cost

and

technology.

In

comparison, garment industry is labor intensity, while in textile industry, particularly in

1

Mauricio Gigli

，

China Textile

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the chemical fiber sector, capital and technology is becoming more and more important.

China’s

textile

industry

shows

apparent

scale

economy

and

cost

effects

in

material

supply, labor cost, product qualities, compatibility between up and down stream, which

contribute to its vigorous export competitive advantage. But as developed countries are

persistently investing new technologies into their textile

industry, advantage of cheap

labor

in

developing

countries

is

tend

to

be

weakened

by

continuously

improving

productivity in developed countries. Textile industry in developed countries thus can

maintain

higher

profit

while

at

the

same

time

reduce

production.

In

this

section,

com

petitive advantage of China’s textile industry

will be analyzed, and comparisons to

its counterparts in both developed and developing economies will be made.

1.

Foundation of competitive advantage of China’s textile industry

The

competitive

advantage

of

p

resent

China’s

textile

industry

is

in

a

large

part

depends

on

its

solid

industrial

foundation

and

cheap

cost.

In

comparison

with

its

overseas

counterparts,

China’s

textile

industry

shows

competitive

advantage

in

the

following aspects, which are expected to still exist in the near future.

(1) Advantage in factor endowment

The

abundant

supply

of

primary

factors

such

as

labor

and

related

materials

is

essential to China’s textile

industry.

Among them, the most important advantage is human capital. There are two main

features in Chinese labor resource, the first of which is its low price as well as superior

quality. Average education period of Chinese workers is ten years, which is the medium

level

of

developing

countries

and

around

four

years’lag

compared

with

those

in

developed

economies,

yet

wage

of

Chinese

worker

is

well

below

those

of

other

countries. China has gained much economic benefits in textile industry without loss of

the comparative advantage in labor supply, and such an advantage is a driving force for

textile industry’s further development.

The second feature is its sustainability. Expansion of urbanization and improving

higher education in China

will provide more and more superior but low price human

resource for textile industry, so the rising human capital stock will guarantee the supply

of worker and technological support for future development of China’s

textile industry.

(2) Superiority in market scale

Although

domestic

market

absorbs

over

70%

of

aggregative

textile

output,

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consumption per capita in

China is far below the world’s average. China is the largest

and fastest growing developing country; whose

vigorous economic development and

improving living standard bring expanding demand both in quantity and

quality for

textile products. This indicates a tremendous potential domestic market, so there are

excellent development opportunity and competition environment for textile industry of

China. Such an advantage does

not exist in other developed or developing countries.

On the other hand,

entrance to WTO will expose China’s

textile industry to various

protections in the short run, yet it does not hamper China’s irreversible integration

into

the

world

market.

Moreover,

abolishment

of

textile

quota

in

2005

undoubtedly

is

helpful for China’s

textile industry to win greater foreign market access, and helpful to

construct a precious opportunity for scale expansion and industry upgrade.

2.

Comparison

between

competitive

advantage

of

textile

industry

of

China

and

developed countries

In

comparison

wi

th

developed

countries’textile

industry,

present

competitive

advantage

of

China’s

textile

industry

largely

stems

from

comparative

advantage

in

labor

supply

and

natural

resource

endowment.

Textile

products

are

China’s

most

competitive

and

staple

exports,

thanks

to

cheaper

labor

cost

and

comparatively

integrated industrial chain. Advantage of developed countries’textile industry lies in

abundant capital, R&D,

brand and matured marketing channel. Textile products from

China

therefore

largely

take

up

just

low

or

medium

quality

market

while

those

produced in Europe or U.S. mainly occupy the world’s top market. As

China is both a

major

producer

and

a

major

consumer

of

textile

products,

her

great

potential

in

production and consumption opens an immense market of medium and top apparel and

textile,

rudimental

textile

material

and

textile

machinery

from

developed

countries,

which in turn enhance interdependence between textile industries of both sides.

3. Comparison between competitive advantage of textile industry of China and other

developing countries

China’s

textile

industry

also

shows

both

specific

superiority

and

inferiority

in

contrast to its counterparts

of other developing countries. The advantage of China’s

textile industry is embodied in industrial and

market scale, FDI attraction and other

fields. In this part we will first cast a brief introduction to competitive

advantage of

textile industry in some other developing economies.

(1)

General status of major developing countries

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