referencing ----Harvard Style

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Harvard Style

The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. In the Harvard Style each

reference is indicated in the text by the

author and date

of the publication cited, sometimes with

added information such as page numbers. The full details of these references are listed at the end

of the text in a Reference list.

You may come across many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system.

The following information and examples are based on:

Style manual for authors, editors and printers

2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.

In-text References

In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the

author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the

textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details.

If directly quoting from a work use single quotation marks and relevant page number.

For example:

Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the theory.

OR

The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).

For example:

Larsen (1971, p. 245) noted ‘many of the facts in this case are incorrect’.

OR

’Many of the facts in this case are incorrect’ (Larsen 1971,

p. 245).

Reference List

At the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text.

In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be

listed separately as a

bibliography

. The same method of presentation is used for both a list of

references and a bibliography.

The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting

with the earliest date.

For example:

Jones, AB 2000, …

Jo

nes, B 1995, …

Smith, AK 1990, …

Smith, AK 1995, …

Stein, B 2003 …

Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, …

Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, …

Style manual for authors, editors and printers

2002, …

1

Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, …

You

ng, JC 1988a, …

Young, JC 1988b, …

The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal article,

website, etc.

In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author

–

date

–

title of work

–

title of larger work (if any)

–

publishing details

–

date of access (if electronic).

Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the

citation finishes with a full stop.

Authors

Whatever type o

f work you are referencing, the way you list the authors’ names depends on the

number of authors.

In-text citation

(Jones 1995)

or

Jones

states……

Reference list

Jones,

B

1995,

Sleepers,

wake!:

technology and the future of work

,

One author

(1995)

4th

edn,

Oxford

University

Press,

Melbourne.

Stein,

B

&

Reynolds,

JS

2000,

Mechanical

and

electrical

and

equipment

for

buildings

,

9th

edn,

Two or three authors

(Stein & Reynolds

Where

there

is

more

than

one

author,

2000)

the

in-text

citation

in

parentheses

will

or

use

an

ampersand

(&)

to

join

them,

Stein

sentence you use the word ‘ and .’

Four or more authors

If

there

are

four

or

more

authors

only

include

the

first

author

in

your

in-text

citation,

adding

the

words

‘

et

al.

’

meaning

‘and

others.’

However

the

Reference

List

should

include

all

authors.

argue…..

(Yarbro

2000)

or

Yarbro

(2000)

found……

(Heyland 2001)

Several works by same

first author and year

Single

author

with

entries

multiple

precede

authors

references

or

Heyland

(2001)

reports…..

(Heyland & Novak

2001)

or

Heyland

Novak

reports…..

Several works by same

whilst

if

the

reference

is

part

of

the

Reynolds

(2000)

John Wiley & Sons, New York.

et

al.

Yarbro,

CH,

Frogge,

MH,

Goodman,

M

&

Groenwald,

SL

et

al.

2000,

Cancer

nursing

,

5th

edn,

have

Jones and Bartlett, Boston.

Heyland,

DK

2001,

‘

In

search

of

the

magic

nutraceutical:

problems

with

current

approaches’,

Journal

of

nutrition

,

vol.

131,

no.

9,

p.

2591S.

------

&

Novak,

F

2001,

‘Immunonutrition

in

the

critically

ill

beginning with the same name.

A 2-em rule can be used to replace the

authors’ name(s) t

hat are repeated.

and

(2001)

patient:

more

harm

than

good?’,

JPEN:

Journal

of

parenteral

and

enteral

nutrition

,

vol.

25,

no.

2,

p.

S51.

Porter,

ME

2001a,

'Japan:

what

2

(Porter 2001a)

author and year

(Porter 2001b)

went wrong.'

Wall Street Journal -

Eastern Edition

, vol. 237, no. 56, p.

If you are referring to several works by

or

the

same

author

or

group

of

authors

Porter

b,

c,

….

with

the

order

of

the

listing

or

based

work.

Style

manual

for

authors,

and

No author given

Where an item has no named author it

is cited by its title.

(2002)

or

According

to

the

Style

manual

for

authors,

and

(2002) …

editors

printers

editors

printers

on

the

letter-by-letter

according

alphabetical

order

of

the

title

of

the

Porter (2001b) …

from the same year, designate these a,

s

tates….

(2001a)

A22.

----

2001b,

'Strategy

and

the

Internet.'

Harvard

Business

to

Review

, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62.

Style

manual

for

authors,

editors

and

printers

2002,

6th

edn,

John

Wiley & Sons, Australia.

Examples

Book

Author(s) of book - surname and initials Year of publication,

Title of book - italicised

, Edition.

Publisher, Place of publication.

Examples:

Jones, B 1995,

Sleepers, wake!: technology and the future of work

, 4th edn, Oxford University

Press, Melbourne.

Book chapter

Author(s) of chapter -

surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter

- in single quotation

marks’, [in] Author of book (if different),

Title of book - italicised

, Edition, Publisher, Place of

publication, Page number(s).

Example:

Crawford, RJ 1998, 'Plastics available to the designer', in

Plastics engineering

, 3rd edn,

Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18.

Journal article

Author(s) of article - surname and initials Y

ear of publication, ‘Title of article

- in single quotation

marks’,

Journal name - italicised

, volume number, issue number, page number(s).

Example:

3