行政管理公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译

The New Public Management Situation

No doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing

countries,

in

the

late

1980s

and

early

1990s

began

a

continuous

public

sector

management

reform

movement.

The

reform

movement

is

still

in

many

aspects

government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in

these

reforms

view

repudiating

them.

Critics

especially

in

Britain

and

the

United

States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the

international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm.

Criticism

from

almost

every

aspect

of

the

change.

Most

of

the

academic

criticism

belong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic

journal

articles

and

abstraction,

from

reality.

At

the

same

time,

in

the

practice

of

public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other

articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode

for

public

management

mode

has

been

replaced.

The

reform

of

public

department

responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of

public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change,

Private

sector

related

changes

impact

of

globalization,

especially

as

a

kind

of

economic

power,

Technology

changes

made

decentralization

and

better

control

globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three

stages:

the

development

of

distinct

phases,

and

public

administration

before

traditional

pattern

and

public

management

reform

stage.

Each

stage

has

its

own

management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the

traditional

public

administration

to

public

administration

has

not

yet

completed

the

transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis

is very strong. The new public management movement

is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the

best

management

mode

of

expression.

The

traditional

administrative

mode

than

it's

age is a great reform, but that time has passed.

A traditional pattern

Obviously,

in

the

late

19th

century

bureaucracy

system

theory,

not

sound

already

exists

some

form

of

administrative

management.

Public

administration

has

a

long

history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As

the

case

Glad2den

Osama

bin

laden

(point),

a

model

of

administrative

since

the

government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the

social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management

or

business

is

all

in

social

activities,

although

not

among

factors,

but

the

glow

of

social

sustainable

development

is

of

vital

importance.

Recognized

administrative

system

in

ancient

Egypt

is

already

exists,

its

jurisdiction

from

the

Nile

flooding

caused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han

dynasty,

Confucian

norms

that

government

should

be

elected,

not

according

to

the

background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is

to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the

holy Roman, Spain's administrative empire, they first by the central through various

rules

and

procedures.

Weber's

thought,

medieval

countries

develop

simultaneously

with

management

structure

development

Although

these

countries

in

different

ways,

but

they

have

common

features,

it

can

be

called

before

modern.

Namely,

the

administrative

system

of

early

essence

is

the

personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's

to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance

to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there

2

are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode,

the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse

of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has

the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk

official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the

money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money,

which

is

the

first

to

buy

officer

recovery

investment

cost,

and

can

make

a

fortune.

America in the 19th century FenFei system of

changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed.

Modern

bureaucracy

is

before

traditional,

diffusion

and

similar

and

special

Weber bureaucracy is

rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common

often

inefficient:

nepotism

means

incompetent

not

capable

person

was

arranged

to

positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still

exist

serious

low

efficiency.

The

enormous

success

of

traditional

administrative

pattern

that

early

practice

looks

strange.

Specialization

and

not

politicized

administrative

in

our

opinion

is

so

difficult

to

imagine

that

trace,

there

exist

other

system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass the

exam, until 1854, Britain and north G

..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to

establish in China, although the system has long passage.

The traditional public administrative pattern

In the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is

the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several

countries,

namely,

the

American

scholars

and

Germany

Woodrow

Wilson

of

Max

Weber's,

people

put

their

associated

with

bureaucracy

model,

Frederick

Tyler

systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private

sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other

theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in

this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect.

3

In other countries, plus G

..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration

of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In

the 19th century, the north G

..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination

and

character,

and

appointed

officials

put

forward

bias

and

administrative

neutral

point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:

1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic

rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a

classic,

and

analysis.

Although

the

bureaucracy

in

business

organizations

and

other

tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.

2.

The

best

way

of

working

and

procedures

are

in

full

manual

detail

codes,

for

administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the

organization provides the best way.

3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the

bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.

4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers

generally

think

of

administrative

affairs

can

be

separated.

Administration

is

the

implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by

the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.

5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public

service is selfless paying.

6.

Professional

bureaucracy.

Public

administration

is

viewed

as

a

kind

of

special

activities,

thus

requirements,

obscure,

civil

servants

neutral

equal

employment

and

lifelong service to any political leaders.

7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and

not others assume the personal responsibility.

Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand

the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most

important

mode

of

various

before

the

difference:

the

rule-based

impersonal

system

replaced

the

personification

of

administrative

management

system.

An

organization

and

its

rules

than

any

of

the

people

are

important

organization.

Bureaucracy

is

its

4

operation

and

how

to

respond

to

customer

must

is

personified.

As

Weber

has

demonstrated that the modern office management

regulations

deeply

touched

it.

The

modern

public

administration

by

law

theory,

to

command certain

affairs authority has

been

awarded the legitimate public authority.

This

does

not

grant

an

institution

specific

cases

through

some

instructions.

It

only

matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and

give

concession

regulation

of

all

affairs.

The

latter

is

completely

dominated

by

the

hereditary

system,

at

least

these

affairs

is

not

the

traditional

infringement

is

this

situation.

It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to

relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early

administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff

is

appointed,

they

also

politicians

arms

or

mainstream

class.

However,

it

is

often

autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or

unwilling to

input personal

and political

game. One of the basic principles for with

weber

impersonal

system

to

completely

eliminate

autocratic

-

at

least

in

ideal

condition

is

so. File

exists,

the reference principle of parallel

and legal

basis in

the

same

environment

means

will

always

make

the

same

decision.

Below

this

kind

of

circumstance

is

not

only

more

efficient,

and

the

citizen

and

bureaucratic

hierarchy

know myself.

Other

differences

were

associated

with

this.

In

various

regulations

and

impersonal

basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions

in

the

left

unchanged.

Although

Webber

emphasizes

the

entire

system,

but

he

also

noticed the bureaucracy of the organization and individual term.

The

traditional

administrative

mode

won

great

success,

it

is

widely

adopted

by

governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage.

And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought

of

individual

professionalization

civil

servants

and

amateur

service

has

a

great

progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model

can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.

5

The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political

control

theory

has

problems.

Administrative

means

follow

instructions,

so

people

demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has

a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands

the

scale

and

more

impossible.

The

traditional

mode

of

another

theoretical

pillar

-

bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization.

Formal

bureaucracy

could

have

its

advantages,

but

people

think

it

often

training

to

routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking,

encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the

bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type

the

progressive,

leads

to

low

efficiency,

these

mediocrity

and

is

believed

to

be

the

public

sector

of

the

special

disease.

It

is

also

criticized.

Actually,

the

word

The new public management mode

In

the

1980s,

the

public

sector

is

a

traditional

administrative

pattern

of

new

management methods of defects. This method can alleviate some of the problems of

traditional

pattern,

also

means

that

the

public

sector

operation

aspects

has

changed

significantly.

The

new

management

method

has

many

names:

management

of

new

public

administration

based

on

the

market

of

public

administration

the late 1990s, people tend to use

Although

the

new

public

management,

but

for

many

of

the

names

of

public

management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus.

First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change

of

public

administration,

different

more

attention

and

managers

of

the

individual

responsibility.

Second,

it

is

clear

to

get

rid

of

the

classical

bureaucracy,

thereby

organization,

personnel,

term

and

conditions

more

flexible.

Third,

it

stipulates

the

organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators

measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever

6

before,

and

also

can

be

more

strictly

determine

whether

the

government

plans

to

achieve

its

objectives.

Fourth,

the

senior

executives

are

more

likely

to

color

with

political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely

the

inspection

by

the

market,

buyers

of

public

service

provider

and

distinguish

with

the

rower

to

distinguish

Government

intervention

is

not

always

refers

to

the

government

by

means

of

bureaucracy.

Sixth,

appeared

through

privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function

reduce

trend.

In

some

cases,

it

is

fundamental.

Once

happened

during

the

transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of

the steps are necessary.

Holmes

and

Shand

as

a

useful

characteristics

of

generalization.

They

put

the

new

public

management

paradigm,

the

good

as

management

method

has

the

following

features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the

efficiency,

quality

and

service).

(2)

decentralization

type

management

environment

replaced

concentration

level

structure.

The

resource

allocation

and

service

delivery

closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related

information

and

other

interest

groups.

(3)

can

be

more

flexible

to

replace

the

method

of

public

products

supply

directly,

so

as

to

provide

cost

savings

of

the

policy.

(4)

concerned

with the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including

emphasize

clear

performance

contract

mechanism.

(5)

in

the

public

sector,

and

between

internal

to

create

a

competitive

environment.

(6)

strengthen

the

strategic

decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple

interests

outside

change

and

the

response.

(7)

by

request

relevant

results

and

comprehensive

cost

reports

to

improve

transparency

and

responsibility.

(8)

general

service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.

The

new

public

management

and

realize

a

result

that

no

one

in

the

best

way.

Managers

in

endowed

with

responsibility

and

without

being

told

to

get

results.

Decision

is

a

management

job

duties,

if

not

for

achieving

goals,

managers

should

assume responsibility.

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