企业库存管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

外文文献及译文

企业库存管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

(

文档含英文原文和中文翻译

)

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外文文献及译文

外文：

Zero Inventory Approach

Managing optimal inventory in the supply chain is critical for an enterprise. The

ability

to increase inventory turns and the use of best inventory practices will reduce inventory costs

across

the

supply

chain.

Moving

towards

zero

inventory

will

result

in

effective

inventory

management in the business process. Inventory Optimization

Solutions can be implemented

easily

using

inventory

optimization

software.

With

Radio

Frequency

Identification

(RFID)

technology, inventory can be updated in

real

time without product

movement,

scanning or

human

involvement.

Companies

have

to

adopt

best

practices

to

optimize

operational

processes and lower their cost

structure through inventory strategies.

Introduction

With supply chain planning and latest software, companies are managing their inventory

in the best possible manner, keeping inventory holdings to the minimum without sacrificing

the customer service needs. The zero inventory concept has been around since the 1980s.

It

tries to reduce inventory to a minimum and enhances

profit margins by reducing the need for

warehousing

and

expenses

related

to

concept

of

a

supply

chain

is

to

have

items

flowing

from

one

stage

of

supply

to

the

next,

both

within

the

business

and

outside,

in

a

seamless

fashion.

Any

stock

in

the

system

is

caused

by

either

delay

between

the

processes

(demand,

distribution,

transfer,

recording

and

production)

or

by

the

variation

in

the

flow.

Eliminating/reducing

stock

can

be

achieved

by:

linking

processes,

making

the

same

throughput

rate

on

processes,

locating

processes

near

each

other

and

coordinating

flows.

Recent advanced software has made zero inventory strategy executable.

optimization

is

an

emerging

practical

approach

to

balancing

investment

and

service-level

goals

over

a

very

large

assortment

of

Stock-Keeping

Units

(SKUS).

In

contrast

to

traditional

‘one

-at-a-

time’

marginal

stock

level

setting,

inventory

optimization

simultaneously

determines

all

SKU

stock

levels

to

fulfill

total

service

and

investment

constraints or objectives

Inventory

optimization

techniques

provide

a

new

logic

to

drive

the

system

with

information

systems.

To

effectively

manage

inventory,

businesses

must

also

optimize

the

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costs of buying, holding, producing, moving and selling inventory.

The objective of inventory optimization is to sustain minimal levels of inventory while

providing

the

maximum

possible

levels

of

service.

Supply

Chain

Design

and

Optimization

(SCDO)

is

an

inventory

optimization

solution

which

helps

companies

satisfy

customer

demands

while

balancing

limitations

on

supply

and

the

need

for

operational

efficiency.

Inventory

optimization

focuses

on

modeling

uncertainty

and

variability

and

minimizing

the

risks they impose on the supply chain.

Inventory optimization can help resolve total supply chain cost options like:

?

In-house manufacturing vs. contract manufacturing;

?

Domestic vs. off shore;

?

New supplier's cost vs. current suppliers' cost.

Companies can benefit

from

inventory optimization, provided they control

their supply

chain

processes

and

the

complexity

of

supply

chain.

In

case

the

supply

chain

is

very

complex, besides inventory optimization, network design has to be used to reap the benefits

fully. This paper covers various inventory models that are available

and then describes the

technologies

like

Radio

Frequency

Identification

(RFID)

and

networking

used

for

the

optimization

of

inventory.

The

paper

also

describes

the

software

solutions

available

for

achieving the same. It concludes by giving a few examples where inventory optimization has

been successfully implemented.

Inventory Models

Hexagon Model

The hexagon model was developed due to the need to structure day-to-day work, reduce

headcount

and

other

inventory

costs

and

improve

customer

the

first

phase,

operation strategies were established in alignment with inte-rnal customers. Later, continuous

improvement plans and business continuity pl-ans were added. The five strategies used were:

forecasting future consumption,setting financial targets to minimize inventory costs, preparing

daily reports to monitor inventory operational performance,studying critical success indicators

to track the accomplishments, to form inventory strategic objectives and inventor-y health and

operating strategies. The hexagon model is a combination of two triangular structures (Figure

1).

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The

upper

triangle

focuses

on

the

soft

management

of

human

resources,

customer

orientation and supplier relations; the lower focuses on the execution of inventory plans with

their success criteria, continuous improvement methodology and business continuity plans.

The

inventory

indicators

are:

total

inventory

value,

availability

of

spares,

days

of

inventory,

cost

of

inventory,

cost

saving

and

cash

saving

output

expen-diture

and

quality

improvement. The hexagon model combines the elements of the people involved in managing

inventory with operational excellence (Figur2).

Managing inventory with operational excellence was achieved by reducing the number of

employees in the material department, changing the mix of people skills such as introducing

engineering into the department structure and reducing the cost of ownership of the material

department to the operation that it supports.

Normally,

this

is

implemented

with

reduction

in

headcount

of

material

department,

having

less

people

with

engineering

skills

in

the

department.

Operation

results

include,

improvement

in

raw

material

supply

line

quality

indicators,

competitive

days

of

inventory

and improved and stabilized spares availability. And

the financial results include, increase in

cost savings and reduced cost of inventory.

It can be established by outsourcing some of the

inventory

functions

as

required.

The

level

of

efficiency

of

the

inventory

managed

can

be

measured to a specific risk

level, changing requirements or changes in the environment.

Just-In-Time (JIT)

Just-in-time (JIT) inventory system is a concept developed by the Japanese, wherein, the

suppliers deliver the materials to the factory JIT for their processing, eliminating the need for

storage and retrieval. The rate of output and the rate of supply of inputs are synchronized, to

manage a zero inventory.

The main benefits of JIT are: set up times are significantly reduced in the

factory, the

flow of goods from warehouse to shelves improves, employees who

possess multiple skills

are

utilized

more

efficiently,

better

consistency

of

scheduling

and

consistency

of

employee

work

hours,

increased

emphasis

on

supplier

relationships

and

continuous

round

the

clock

supplies keeping workers productive

and businesses focused on turnover.

And

though

a

JIT

system

might

even

be

a

necessity,

given

the

inventory

demands

of

certain business types, its many advantages are realized only when some significant risks like

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delays in movement of goods over long distances are mitigated.

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)

Vendor-Managed

Inventory

(VMI)

is

a

planning

and

management

system

in

which

the

vendor

is

responsible

for

maintaining

the

c

ustomer’s

inventory

levels.

VMI

is

defined

as

a

process

or

mechanism

where

the

supplier

creates

the

purchase

orders

based

on

the

demand

information. VMI is a combination of e-commerce, software and people. It has resulted in the

dramatic reduction of inventory across the supply chain. VMI is categorized in the real world

as collaboration, automation and cost transference.

The

main

objectives

of

VMI

are

better,

cheaper

and

faster

transactions.

In

order

to

establish

the

VMI

process,management

commitment,data

synchronization,setting

up

agreements,data

exchange,

ordering,

invoice

matching

and

measurement

have

to

be

benefits

of

VMI

to

an

organization

are

reduction

in

inventory

besides

reduction of stock-outs and increase in customer satisfaction. Accurate information which is

required for optimizing the supply chain is facilitated by efficient transfer of information. The

concept of VMI would be successful only when there is trust between the organization and its

suppliers as all the demand information is available to the suppliers which can be revealed to

the competitors. VMI optimizes inventory in supply chain and reduces stock-outs by proper

planning and centralized forecasting.

Consignment Model

Consignment inventory model is an extension of VMI where the vendor places inventory

at

the

customer’s

location

while

retaining

ownership

of

the

consignment

inventory model works best in the case of new and unproven products where there is a high

degree

of

demand

uncertainty,

highly

expensive

products

and

service

parts

for

critical

equipment.

The

types

of

consignment

inventory

ownership

transfer

models

are:

pay

as

sold

during a pre-defined period, ownership changes after a pre- defined period, and order to order

consignment.

The

issues

that

the

VMI

and

consignment

inventory

model

encounter

are

cost

of

developing VMI system, invoicing problems, cash flow problems, Electronic Data Interchange

(EDI) problems and obsolete stock.

Enabling Practices

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The

decision

makers

have

to

make

prudent

decisions

on

future

course

of

action

of

a

project relating to the following variables: Forecasting and Inventory Management,Inventory

Management practices,Inventory Planning,Optimal purchase, Multichannel Inventory, Moving

towards zero inventory.

To improve inventory management for better forecasting, the 14 best practices that will

most likely benefit business the most are:

?

Synchronize promotions;

?

Revamp the organizational structure;

?

Take a longer view of item planning;

?

Enforce vendor compliance;

?

Track key inventory metrics;

?

Select the right systems;

?

Master the art of master scheduling;

?

Adhere to exception reporting;

?

Identify lost demands;

?

Plan by assortment;

?

Track inbound receipts;

?

Create coverage reports;

?

Balance under stock/overstock; and

?

Optimize SKUs.

This will leverage the retailer’s ability to buy larger quantities across all channels

while

buying only what is required for a specified period in order to manage risk in a better way. In

most multichannel companies, inventory is the largest asset on the balance sheet, which means

that their profitability will be determined to a large degree by the way they plan, forecast, and

manage

inventory

(Curt

Barry,

2007).

They

can

follow

some

steps

like

creating

a

strategy,

integrating

planning

and

forecasting,

equipping

with

the

best- laid

plans

and

building

strong

vendor relationships and effective liquidation.

Moving Towards Zero Inventory

At the fore is the development and widespread adoption of nimble, sophisticated software

systems

such

as

Manufacturing

Resource

Planning

(MRP

II),

Enterprise

Resource

Planning

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(ERP), and Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems,

as well as dedicated supply

chain management software systems. These systems offer manufacturers greater functionality.

To

implement

‘Zero

Stock’

system,

companies

need

to

have

a

good

information

system

to

handle

customer

orders,

sub-contractor

orders,

product

inventory

and

all

issues

related

to

production. If the company has no IT infrastructure, it will need to build it from the scratch.

A

good

information

system

can

help

managers

to

get

accurate

data

and

make

strategic

decisions. IT infrastructure is not a cost, but an investment. A company can use RFID method,

network inventory and other software tools for inventory optimization.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

RFID

is

an

automatic

identification

method,

which

relies

on

storing

and

remotely

retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.

RFID

use

in

enterprise

supply

chain

management

increases

the

efficiency

of

inventory

tracking

and

management.

RFID

application

develops

asset

utilization

by

tracking

reusable

assets

and

provides

visibility,

improves

quality

control

by

tagging

raw

material,

work-in-progress, and finished goods inventory, improves production

execution and supply

chain

performance

by

providing

accurate,

timely

and

detailed

information

to

enterprise

resource planning and manufacturing execution system.

The status

of inventory

can be obtained automatically

by

using RFID. There

are many

benefits of using RFID such as reduced inventory, reduced time, reduced errors, accessibility

increase, high security, etc.

Network Inventory

A

Network

Inventory

Management

System

(NIMS)

tracks

movement

of

items

across

the system and thus

can locate malfunctioning equipment/process

and

provide information

required

to

diagnose

and

correct

problem

areas.

It

also

determines

where

capacity

is

to

be

added, calculates impact of market conditions, assesses impact of new products and the impact

of a new customer. NIMS is very important when the complexity of a supply chain is high. It

determines

the

manufacturing

and

distribution

strategies

for

the

future.

It

should

take

into

consideration production, location, inventory and transportation.

The NIMS software, including asset configuration information and change management,

is

an

essential

component

of

robust

network

management

provide

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information

that

administrators

can

use

to

improve

network

management

performance

and

help develop effective network asset control processes.

A

network

inventory

solution

manages

network

resource

information

for

multiple

network technologies as well as multiple vendors in one common accurate database. It is an

extremely

useful

tool

for

improving

several

operation

processes,

such

as

resource

trouble

management,

service

assurance,

network

planning

and

provisioning,

field

maintenance

and

spare parts management.

The NIMS software, including asset configuration information and change management,

is

an essential component of strong network management architecture.

In addition,

software

tools

that

provide

planning,

design

and

life

cycle

management

for

network

assets

should

prominently appear on enterprise radar screens.

Inventory Optimization Software

i2 Inventory Optimization

i2 solutions enable customers to realize top and bottom-line benefits through

the use of

superior

inventory

management

practices.

i2

Inventory

Optimization

can

help

companies

monitor, manage, and optimize strategies to

decide

—

what

to

make,

what

to

buy

and from

whom, what inventories to carry, where, in what form and how much

—

across the supply chain.

It

enables

customers

to

learn

and

continuously

improve

inventory

management

policies

and

processes, strategic analysis and optimization.

Product-oriented industry can install i2 Inventory Optimization and develop supply chain.

Through this, the company can reduce inventory levels and overall logistics costs. It can also

get higher service level performance, greater customer satisfaction, improved asset utilization,

accelerated

inventory

turns,

better

product

availability,

reduced

risk,

and

more

precise

and

comprehensive supply chain visibility.

Oracle Inventory Optimization

Oracle Inventory Optimization considers the demand, supply, constraints and variability

in

extended

supply

chain

to

optimize

strategic

inventory

investment

decisions.

It

allows

retailers to provide higher service levels to customers at a lower total cost. Oracle Inventory

Optimization is part of the Oracle e-Business Suite, an integrated set of applications that are

engineered to work Inventory Optimization provides solutions when demand

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and supply are in ambiguity. It provides graphic representation of the plan. It calculates cost

and risk.

MRO

Software

MRO Software (now a part of IBM's Tivoli software business) announced a

marketing

alliance

with

inventory

optimization

specialists

Xtivity

to

enhance

the

service

offering

of

inventory

management

solutions

for

MRO

Software

customers.

MRO

offers

Xtivity's

Inventory

Optimizer

(XIO)

service

as

an

extension

of

its

asset

and

service

management

solutions.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Successful

implementation

of

an

inventory

optimization

solution

requires

significant

effort

and

can

pose

certain

risks

to

companies

implementing

such

solutions.

Structured

Query

Language

(SQL)

can

be

used

on

a

common

ERP

platform.

An

optimal

inventory

policy

can

be

determined

by

using

it.

Along

with

it,

other

metrics

such

as

projected

inventory levels, projected backlogs and their

confidence bands can also be calculated. The

only drawback of this method is that it may not be possible to obtain quick real-time results

because

of

architectural

and

algorithmic

complexity.

However,

potential

scenarios

can

be

analyzed in

anticipation of results stored prior to user requests.

Some Examples

Toyota

’

s Practice in India

Toyota, a quality conscious company working towards zero inventory has selected Mitsui

and

Transport

Corporation

of

India

Ltd.

(TCI)

for

their

entire

logistic

solutions

encompassing

planning,

transportation,

warehousing,

distribution

and

MIS

and

related

documentation. Infrastructure is a bottleneck that continues to dog economic growth in India.

Transystem

renders

services

like

procurement,

consolidation

and

transportation

of

original

equipment manufacturer's parts, through

milk run operations from various suppliers all over

India on a JIT basis, transportation of Complete Built-up Units (CBU) from plant to all dealers

in the country and

operation of CBU yards, coordination and transportation of Knock Down

(KD)

parts from port of entry to manufacturing plant, transportation of aftermarket parts to

dealers by road and air to Toyota Kirloskar Motors Pvt. Ltd.

Wal- Mart

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