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Simile
（明喻）
A figure of speech in which one thing
is likened to another, in
such a way as
to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit
comparison (as opposed to metaphor
where the comparison
is implicit )
recognizable by the use of word
‘
like
’
or
‘
as
’
.
E.g. My heart is
like
a singing bird.
I wandered
lonely
as
a cloud.
明喻的结构形式很丰富，除了常见的比喻词
< br>like
和
as
外，还有其他<
/p>
的表现方式：
So as she shows she seems the budding
rose, yet sweeter far
than is earthly
flower...
她露出犹如含苞欲放的玫瑰，却远比真实的花儿芬芳。
if (as though)
It rained as
if the flood-gates of Heaven were opened, and it
lighted awfully.
雨倾盆而下，犹如天上的
水闸打开了，而且电光霍霍，极其可怕。
... To...
Doctor usually liken the heart to a
pump.
e... To...
Shakespeare
compared the world to a stage.
...
As...
Hurry up ! You walk as slow as a
snail.
way (in which)
I
should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse.
as well... as
You might as
well throw your money into the ditch as give it to
him.
你把钱给他就像把钱扔进沟里一样。
8.A is to B what C is to D
What lungs are to the body, that parks
are to the city.
more... Than
He had no more idea of money than a
cow.
With the quickness of
a cat, he climbed up the tree.
11.A and
B
Love and cough cannot be hid.
爱情像咳嗽一样无法隐藏。
A
word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.
Metaphor
（暗喻）
A figure of speech containing an
implied comparison, in which
a word or
phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing
is
applied to another.
E.g. No man is an island,
entire of itself; every man is a piece of
the continent, a part of the main: if a
clod be washed away by
the sea, Europe
is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as
well as if a manor of thy (your) friend
or thine (your) own were:
any
man
’
s
death
diminishes
me,
because
I
am
involve
in
mankind.
谁也不是一座自成一体的岛屿；每一个人都是这片大陆的一块泥
土，是大陆的
一部分：这块土被海水冲走，就像一个岬角，或你朋友
的或你自己的庄园被冲走一样，<
/p>
都会使欧洲变小；
无论谁死去都有损
于我
，因为我和整个人类息息相关。
隐喻的表达方式大致分为三种类型：
1.
喻体直陈式
认定本体就是喻体，
把本体和喻体说成一件事。
这种方式强
化了语言
表达的逻辑能力。
College is a comma of a sentence of
life.
2.
喻体半隐式
此类的喻体词语通常是有名词转化而来的动词。
通过这个动词对动作<
/p>
或状态的描述，来发现这个名词所具有的喻体的特征。
They stormed the speakers with
questions.
He
doesn
’
t
have
an
idea
of
his
own.
He
just
parrots
what
other people say.
3.
喻体全隐式
表面上喻体并没有出现，可实际上比喻却暗含句中。
The one place not to have dictionaries
is in a setting room or
at the dinning
room. Look the thing up the next morning, but
not in the middle of the conversation.
Otherwise one will bind
the
conversation, one will not let it flow freely here
and there.
有一个地方不应该带字典，
那就是客厅
里或餐桌上。
你可以次日早晨
再查，但不要在说话中去查字典，
否则你会把说话捆住了，使它不能
自由舒畅。
Look the thing up in the middle of
conversation
string
Some
books
are
to
be
tasted,
others
to
be
swallowed
and
some few to be chewed
and digested.
Book
food
Personification
（
拟人）
A
figure
of
speech
in
which
a
thing,
quality,
or
idea
is
represented as a person.
拟人的方法大致有以下三种：
1.
用描写人的词语使之人格化。
I
was
traveling
in
China
when
Samaranch
announced
in
Moscow
that
the
city
for
hosting
the
2008
Olympics
was
Beijing. All Chinese people were
overjoyed; all mountains were
overjoyed; all rivers were overjoyed.
Depressed, I rushed out of
the room. A gentle breeze greeted
me.
She caressed my cheeks and soothed my heart.
在文学作品中，
代词
she
常被用来指代无生命的东西或抽象概念。
如
sun,
earth, moon, spring, autumn, country, peace,
beauty,
ship
等。被人格化的物体或概念表达了一种亲切感。
2.
把物当作人来呼唤，以抒发强烈
的感情。
或赞叹，或同情，或憎恶，或痛斥，强烈的情感尽情
的宣泄出来，易
让读者接受并产生共鸣。
O
stretch
thy
reign,
fair
Peace!
from
shore
to
shore.
Till
conquest cease, and slavery be no more.
O Cuckoo! Shall I call thee bird
Or but a wandering voice?
<
/p>
3.
让事物变成人，跟人一样的说话、行动，有思想、有感情。<
/p>
The baby crocodile thought
hard. At last he had a good idea.
Hearing the lover tearfully pouring out
their hearts, the moon
was so moved
that she forgot to move.
Metonymy
（借代）
The name of something is used to
represent a more general
but closely-
related thing.
大致有以下几种借代关系：
1.
A container
for its content.
（容器代内容）
After her husband left her, Wendy took
to the bottle.
Sorry, my pocket
can
’
t offer such a pair of
shoes.
2.
A place
for the people.
（处所代人）
The whole town attended the
funeral.
The minute Presley took the
stage, the museum hall burst into
cheers.
3.
A location for the institution or organ
ization.
（所在地代机构
或组织）
Downing street = the British
cabinet, the Britain government
The
White House = the US government
Hollywood = the US film-making industry
4.
An instrument
for its user.
（工具代使用者）
The pen is mightier than the sword.
The surgeon convinced her that she
could only be saved by a
timely
scalpel.
5.
A
striking feature for the person or
thing.
（
特征代特征所有者）
A bald slipped out through the back
door.
The crown should not yield to the
cross.
Bob was promoted from the grey-
collar to the white-collar in
the
shortest time.
6.
An organ for
its function.
（器官代作用）
He has a rough tongue.
Sheila is such a cool girl that she is
good at letting her mind
rule her
heart.
7.
Author
for work.
（作者代作品）
To read a Shakespeare or a Mark Twain
is to eat a food full of
protein;
likewise, to read a pornographic magazine is to
eat a
sugar-coated poison.
8.
The concrete
for the abstract, or the specific for the general.
Without sweat, without bread.
Synecdoche
（提喻）
A figure
of
speech
in
which
a
part
is
used metaphorically to
represent a whole, or a whole is used
to represent a part.
1.
A part for the
whole.
（部分代整体）
More hands are needed at harvest time.
During my stay in Rwanda, when I across
the hungry mouths,
big or small, I felt
quite sympathetic and helpless as well.
2.
The whole for
the part.
（整体代部分）
The TV is out of order.
The
birds are singing to welcome the smiling year.
3.
Material for the thing
made.
（原材料代替所构成的事物）
Nowadays more and more people have a
liking for cotton.
At dinner, I would
like some grape.
Hyperbole
（夸张）
An
figure
of
speech
that
deliberately
uses
exaggeration
in
order to give emphasis.
For she was beautiful - her beauty made
The bright world dim, and everything
beside
Seemed like the fleeting image
of a shade.
It was so hot a
noon that the leaves had to gasp for breath.
Miss Sharp bowed her head, and had
never uttered a syllable.
I
’
ve not had a
wink of sleep these last two nights.
Oxymoron
（矛盾修辞法）
A figure
of speech in which apparently contradictory terms
are
combined to produce an epigrammatic
effect.
矛盾修饰法的构成方法：
.+n.
一个形容词修饰另一个意义相对或相反的名词
Sick health
true lies
living death
hating love
.+adj.(+n.)
两个意义相对或相反的形容词，修饰同一个名词
A cold warm embrace
a stormy tranquil night
3.n.+adj.
形容词置于一个与其意义相对或相反的名
词之后，作后置
修饰
Darkness visible
discord dulcet
faith unfaithful
.+adj.
一个副词修饰另一个意义相对或相反的形容词
Wastefully thrifty
hard tender
rudely great
5.V.+adv.
动词表示动作、行为、状态等，副词与其意义相悖，起着
修饰、限制作用<
/p>
Love harmfully
hasten slowly
die
merrily
6.N.+of+n.
介词
of
前后的两个名词意义相对或相反，
介词短语修饰<
/p>
前面的名词
Feather of
lead
sickness of
health
7.N.+n.
意义相对或相反的两个名词用
连字符连接，
作为一个合成词
修饰一个名词
Love-hate relationship
a fire-water state
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