第一章语言学导论

第一章

语言学导论

Chapter1 Invitations to Linguistics

Linguistics is nowadays coming into wide use with combination of theories and practice as well

as linguistics and other disciplines.

Linguistics is of great use with very wide application.

—人工智能，人机对话，机器翻译

The research of linguistics has already gone beyond language itself.

Definition of Linguistics

How do you define linguistics What is linguistics

——

Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in

the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human language.

What are we going to learn about linguistics

1.

It

is

generally

agreed

that

linguistics

should

include

at

least

five

parameters,

namely,

phonological,

morphological,

syntactic,

semantic

and

pragmatic.

These

can

be

called

microlinguistics.

语

音

学

(phonetics);< /p>

音

系

学

(pho nology);

形

态

学

(morphology);

句

法

< br>学

(syntax)

—

Schools

of

Modern Linguistics

现代语言学流派

;

语义学

(semantics)

语用学

(pragmatics) (chapter2-6)

2. Macrolinguis tics

——

interdisciplinary learning

Saussure,

father

of

modern

linguis tics(

现代语言学之父

)

were

intended

to

establish

the

autonomy of linguistics, giving it a well-defined subject of study and freeing it from reliance on

other

disciplines.

However,

the

interactive

links

between

linguistics

and

other

sciences

are

developing fast.

尽管索绪尔的目的是给予语言学自主性，

给它定义明确的研究对象，

将它从对其他学科的

依赖中解放出来。然而，随着时间的推移， 语言学和其他学科的联系越来越密切。

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics,

as

implied

by

the

name,

is

the

study

of

psychological

aspects

of

language.

It

usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.

心理语 言学，顾名思义，是对语言的心理方面的研究，它通常研究的是与语言使用相关的

心理状 态和心理活动。比如语言习得，语言的理解，语言的生成等等。

(chapter 9/chapter11)

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics,

as

implied

by

the

name,

attempts

to

show

the

relationship

between

language

and society.

Sociolinguistics attempts to look at language structures by paying attention to language use in a

social

context

and

on

the

other

hand

tries

to

understand

sociological

things

of

society

by

examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.

这就是社会与语言的关系，

一方面通过社会语境中语言使用情况的调查了解语言结构的问

题，另一 方面又通过语言现象的分析了解社会构成的问题。

Research Focus1

Cross- cultural Communication

There

exists

a

close

relationship

between

language

and

culture.

Language

is

an

indispensable

carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use.

语言是文化的载体，

具有不可替代的 重要性；

文化通过语言得以凸现，

其表现力得到充分

心理学家罗杰斯

(Rogers,1961),

真正的交流建立在理解基础上的倾听。

Anthropological Linguistics

人类语言学

Anthropological

linguists

are

interested

primarily

in

the

history

and

structure

of

formerly

unwritten

languages.

They

are

concerned

with

the

emergence

of

language

and

also

with

the

divergence

of

languages

over

thousands

of

years.

They

start

with

the

comparison

of

contemporary languages in order to draw inferences about the kinds of change in language that

may have occurred in the past. This is the “diachronic” study of language.

人类语言学家主要对历史和早期无 文字语言的结构感兴趣，他们关注语言的出现和上千年

来语言的分化。

< br>他们从当代语言的比较出发，

推测语言过去发生了何种变化。

这就是对语言

历时的研究，即研究语言的历史。

Computational Linguistics

计算机语言学

Some current application areas include Machine Translation, Corpus Linguistics and Information

Retrieval as well as various forms of computer mediated(

传递的

) communication such as emails,

QQ, online shopping transaction software and so on.

当前的 一些应用领域包括机器翻译，

语料库语言学和信息检索，

各种各 样因电脑的出现而

改变的交际方式，比如电子邮件，

QQ

聊天，网上购物交易软件等等。

Instant Messenger on the internet (

基于互联网的即时通讯

), such as

百度

Hi, MSN, UC, YY

语

音，阿里旺旺等等。

Other interdisciplinary branches

1

、认知语言学

Cognitive Linguistics (chapter 10)

2

、语言与语言教学

(chapter 12 Applied Linguistics)

3

、文本语言学或语篇分析—

Discourse

Analysis

Chapter

7

（研究语言和语境的关系

the

relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used,

语篇的 衔接

cohesion

连贯

coher ence

等等）

。

4

、语言与文学

Language and Literature

（文体学< /p>

Stylistics

）

5

、神经语言学

neurolinguistics

What is language

对语言的误解：

wrong ideas about language

1

、语言仅是一种交际方式

Language is only a means of communication.

2

、语言的形式和意义对应一致

Language has a form-meaning correspondence.

3

、语言的作用即交换信息

The function of language is to exchange information.

4

、英语比汉语难学

English is more difficult to learn than Chinese.

5

、黑人英语不标准需要改造

Black English is not standard and should be reformed.

误解

语言仅仅是一个交际系统

Language is only a system of communication.

If

language

is

merely

defined

as

a

system

of

communication,

we

can

call

the

noises

that

dogs

make language. As we know, birds, bees, crabs, spiders, and most other creatures communicate

in

some

way,

but

the

information

imparted

is

severely

limited

and

confined

to

a

small

set

of

messages.

So

language

can’t

be

defined

merely

as

a

system

of

communication,

otherwise

language is not unique to humans. Language is one of the unique possessions of human beings. It

is used for human communication. It

is one of our most articulated means of expressing ideas

and thoughts. The design features of language distinguish us from animals.

误解

1

语言仅是一种交际方式

Language is only a means of communication.

误解

2

语言的形式和意义对应一致

Language has a form-meaning correspondence

“土豆”

，形式上是“土”和 “豆”这两个字的组合，但意义上不是说一把土和一堆豆就是

土豆了，而表达的是另外的 意思，指的是一种蔬菜，我们把它叫做土豆。

误解

3

语言的作用即交换信息

The function of language is to exchange information

A

man

may

say

ouch!

after

striking

a

fingernail

with

a

hammer,

or

he

may

mutter

damn

when

realizing

that

he

has

forgotten

an

appointment.

Such

exclamations

are

usually

uttered

without

any

purpose

of

communicating

to

others

but

as

essentially

a

verbal

response

to

a

person’s own feelings.

这些感叹词通常不具有跟他人交际的目的，只是一个自我感受 的言语反应。

误解

4

英语比汉语难学

English is more difficult to learn than Chinese

英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，具有不同的结 构体系，英语是拼音文字，汉语是象形文字，

因此英语重形合，

汉语重意合，

汉语中词与词，

句子与句子的组合只要实现意义上 的连贯就

可以了，

但英语要想实现意义上的连贯，

必须在形式上实现连贯，

从而达到一个意义与形式

珠 联璧合的整体。

例：我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年了。

Six years have passed since I came from the country to the capital.

英语所说的形合就在于