-
Lesson One
1.
And it is an activity
only of humans.
And conversation is an activity found
only among human beings.
2.
Conversation is not for making a point.
Conversation
is
not
for
persuading
others
to
accept
our
ideas
or
points
of
views.
3.
In
fact,
the
best
conversationalists
are
those
who
are
prepared
to
lose.
In
fact
,
people
who
are
good
at
conversation
will
not
argue
to
win
or force
others to accept his ideas.
4.
Bar friends are not
deeply involved in each other?s lives.
People
who
meet
each
other
for
a
drink
in
the
bar
of
a
pub
are
not
close
friends for they are not deeply
absorbed in each other?s private lives.
5.
....it could still go ignorantly on ...
The
conversation
could
go
on
without
anybody
knowing
who
was
right
or
wrong. 6.
There are cattle in the fields ,but we
sit down to beef.
These
animals are called cattle when they are alive and
feed in the fields , but
when we sit
down at the table to eat, we call their meet beef.
7.
The new ruling class had built a
cultural barrier against him by building their
French against his own
language.
The
new ruling class by using French instead of
English made it hard for the
English to
accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.
8.
English had come royally into its own.
English
received proper recognition and was used by the
King once more.
9.
The phrase has always
been used a little pejoratively and even
facetiously
by the lower classes.
The
phrase
,
the
King?s
English
,has
always
been
used
disrespectfully
and
jokingly by the lower classes.(The
working people often mock the proper and
formal language of the educated
people.)
10.
The
rebellion against a cultural dominance is still
there.
As
the
early
Saxon
peasants
,
the
working
people
still
have
a
spirit
of
opposition to the cultural authority of
the ruling class.
11.
There
is always a great danger that “ words will harden
into things for us. “
There
is always a great danger , as Carlyle put it ,
that we might forget that
words
are
only
symbols
and
take
them
for
things
they
are
supposed
to
represent.
Lesson two
1.
The
burying-ground
is
merely
a
huge
waste
of
hummocky
earth,
like
a
derelict building-lot. (para 2)
The
buring-ground
is
nothing
more
than
a
huge
piece
of
wasteland
full
of
mounds
of
earth
looking
like
a
deserted
and
abandoned
piece
of
land
on
which a building was going to be put
up.
2. All colonial empires
are in reality founded upon that fact. (para 3)
All the imperialists build up their
empires by treating the people in the colonies
like animals (by not treating the
people in the colonies as human beings).
3. They rise out Of the earth, they
sweat and starve for a few years, and then
they sink back into the nameless mounds
of the graveyard (para 3)
They are born. Then for a
few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they
die
and are buried in graves without a
name.
4.
A
carpenter
sits
crosslegged
at
a
prehistoric
lathe,
turning
chair-legs
at
lightning speed. (para 9)
Sitting with his legs crossed and using
a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter
quickly gives a round shape to the
chair-legs he is making.
5. Instantly,
from the dark holes all round, there was a
frenzied rush of Jews
(para 10)
Immediately from their dark hole-like
cells everywhere a great number of Jews
rushed out wildly excited.
6. every one of them looks on a
cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury
(para 10)
Every
one
of
these
poor
Jews
looked
on
the
cigarette
as
a
piece
of
luxury
which
they could not possibly afford.
7.
Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.
(para 16)
However, a white-skinned European is
always quite noticeable
.
8.
In
a
tropical
landscape
one's
eye
takes
in
everything
except
the
human
beings.
(para 16)
If you take a look at the natural
scenery in a tropical region, you see everything
but the human beings.
9. No
one would think of running cheap trips to the
Distressed Areas. (para 17)
No one would think of
organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit
the poor
slum areas (for these trips
would not be interesting)
．
10. for nine-tenths of the people the
reality of life is an endless, backbreaking
struggle to wring a little food out of
an eroded soil(para 17)
life is very hard for
ninety percent of the
people
．
With hard
backbreaking toil
they can produce a
little food on the poor
soil
．
11.
She
accepted
her
status
as
an
old
woman,
that
is
to
say
as
a
beast
of
burden. (para 19)
She
took
it
for
granted
that
as
an
old
woman
she
was
the
lowest
in
the
community
，
that
。
she was only
fit for doing heavy work like an
animal
．
12.
People with brown skins are next door to
invisible. (para 21)
People with brown skins are
almost invisible
．
13. Their splendid bodies were hidden
in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para
23)
The Senegales soldiers were
wearing ready
—
made khaki
uniforms which hid
their beautiful
well
—
built
bodies
．
14. How
long before they turn their guns in the other
direction? (para 25)
How much longer before they
turn their guns around and attack us?
15. Every white man there had this
thought stowed somewhere or other in his
mind.
Every white
man
，
the
onlookers
，
the
officers on their horses and
the
white
N
．
C
．
Os
．
marching with the black
soldiers
，
had this thought
hidden somewhere
or other in his
mind
．
Lesson Three
1.
And yet the
same revolutionary belief for which our forebears
fought is still at
issue around the
globe....
Our
ancestors fought a revolutionary war to claim all
men were created equal
and God had
endowed them with certain unalienable rights which
no state or
ruler could take away from
them. However ,today this issue has not yet been
settled in many countries around the
world .
2.
This much we pledge---
and more.
This much we promise to do and we
promise to do more.
3.
United, there
is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative
ventures.
United
and
working
together
we
can
accomplish
a
lot
of
things
in
a
large
number of joint
undertakings.
4.
....our
last
best
hope
in
an
age
where
the
instruments
of
war
have
far
outpaced the instruments of peace...
The United Nations is our last and best
hope of survival in an age where the
instruments of war have far surpassed
the instruments of peace.
5.
...to enlarge
the area in which its writ may run.
We pledge to help the
United Nations enlarge the area in which its
authority
and mandate would continue to
be in force.
6.
....before
the
dark
powers
of
destruction
unleashed
by
science
engulf
all
humanity in planned or
accidental
self-
destruction.
Before
the
terrible
forces
of
destruction,
which
atomic
bombs
can
now
release,overwhelm
mankind,
which
may
be
planned
or
brought
about
by
an
accident
7.
....yet
both
racing
to
alter
that
uncertain
balance
of
terror
that
stays
the
band of mankind?s final war.
Yet both groups
of nations are attempting to change as quickly as
possible this
uncertain
balance
of
terrible
military
power
that
restrains
each
group
from
launching mankind;s final war.
8.
So let us begin anew, remembering on
both sides that civility is not a sign
of weakness...
So let us start once again , bearing in
mind that being polite is not a sign of
weakness.
9.
Let both
sides seek to invoke the wonders of science
instead of its terrors.
Let
both
sides
try
to
call
forth
the
wonderful
things
that
science
can
do
for
mankind instead of the
frightful things it can do.
10.
.
...each generation of Americans has
been summoned to give testimony to
its
national loyalty.
Americans of every generation have been
called upon to prove their loyalty to