-
America
?
The Founding of
Colonies
殖民地的建立
First
Inhabitants
：
American Indians
Discovery of the New
World
：
1492
Christopher Columbus
→
the discoverer
of America
(Italian)Spanish
Queen
’
s support
1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci
→
the new land
was
name after him as America.
reached the mouth of Amazon River
America
—
the New
World
Europe
—
the
Old World
13
colonies
：
New
England Colonies:
Mid Atlantic Colonies:
Southern Colonies:
Massachusetts
→
（
2nd colony
，
1620
）
New York
Maryland
New
Hampshire
Pennsylvania
Virginia
→
（
1st colony
，
1607
）
Rhode
Island
Delaware
North Carolina
Connecticut
South Carolina
Georgia
→
（
the last colony
，
1733
）
New England Region
（
6
个）
: Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and
Vermont
建立原因：
Virginia, 1607
Virginia
Company
For foreign expansion as a way
of easing religious dispute and economic distress
in England
105 men (no women)
Jamestown in honor of the king
Massachusetts In
1620
102 Puritans
(
“
Pilgrim
Fathers
”
), in Mayflower,
from Plymouth in England to America
First in Plymouth
(today
’
s Massachusetts); and
then Boston
Seek religious freedom
Mayflower Compact <
< br>五月花号公约
>
：
self-
government
Hardships when arrived
the help of the Indians
Thanksgiving Day
to thank
the Indians and the God for protection
The next three colonies
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
Hampshire
Reasons:
1. religious disputes and struggles in
Massachusetts intensified
2. more
immigrants
Maine and Vermont
Reason:
Proximity (
邻近
)
Non-English Colonies
New York, New Jersey
were
first colonized by the Dutch.
Delaware
was founded by the
Swedish.
Pennsylvania:
Quakers /the Society of Friends
(another group of English
Protestant)
William Penn,
the founder
Granted
colonies
Maryland
granted by
Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge
for English Catholics.
South Carolina
and North Carolina
given by Charles II
to his eight close supporters.
The last colony Georgia
A
haven (
港口，避难所
) for English
prisoners of debt who could not discharge their
debts.
?
The Early
Immigrants
最初的殖民与殖民生活
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)
Reasons
to
immigrate:
1. religious
disputes
（
persecute
Catholics and Protestants
）
2. to become rich in the New World
(Protestant work ethic)
3. poor men
as
indentured
servants
（契约劳工）
4.
convicts
American culture:
A blending of European cultures, but
not a mere transplantation.
New values:
1. new ideas and
reforms
2. adaptations:
less formal and more practical; less conservative
and more outspoken
3. industrious
4. elasticity
(
弹性，灵活性
),tolerance,
compromise
5. religion as a private
affair
6. liberty and democracy
?
Boston Tea Party
波士顿倾茶事件
Relation
between England and Colonies
Economic:
supply England with raw materials while importing
goods manufactured in England.
England
←
Rival; seven years war (1756-1763)
→
France
Protection
Make use of Indians to attack each
other
↓
English
colonies in America
←
attack
→
Indians
波士顿倾茶事件
Cause
: England allow the
East India Company to undersell tea without paying
import tax in the colonies.
Place&Time
：
December 16,
1773, Boston harbor
英国惩罚措施
Intolerable
Acts
：
ask to pay tea
loss
；
to deprive self-rule
Result:
This policy aroused
the colonial opposition and they
declared
“
no taxation without
representation
”
.
?
Two Continental
Congresses
两次大陆会议
1st Continental Congress
Sept. 5, 1774 in Philadelphia
Delegates from 12 colonies except
Georgia
Document:
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
《权利和不满宣言》
Rejected by the British Parliament
Colonial militiamen were organized.
The first armed clash
（莱克星顿的枪声——导火索）
April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village
Lexington
, near Boston
2nd Continental Congress
May 10, 1775 in Philadelphia,
Independence Hall
Organize
and equip an American army
Appointing
George Washington
as
commander-in-chief
Ask for help from
other countries, esp. France
Public
support:
1776, Thomas Paine
published
Common Sense
and
The American Crisis
?
Declaration of
Independence
独立宣言
During the 2nd Continental Congress
——
A committee,(composed of
Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and
other members)
To draw up
the Declaration of Independence.
It was drafted by
Thomas Jefferson
on
July 4
th
,
1776
(Independence Day / the National Day of
the US)
was a milestone in American
history.
It is remarkable
in that it approaches the problem of American
independence from the angle of
human
rights.
“
We hold
these truths to be self-evident, that
all men are created equal
,
that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that among
these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit
of Happiness
; that to secure these
rights,
governments
are
instituted
among
men,
deriving
their just
powers
from
the
consent
the
governed;
that
whenever any
form of government becomes destructive
of these ends, it is the right of the people to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute
a new
government...
”
--- Declaration
of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc..
来源和评价：
A masterpiece of western philosophy;
mainly comes from the British philosopher
John Locke
equality and freedom
universal; beyond American boundaries
?
Military Struggle and the Final Victory
战争经过和最后胜利
England VS America
战前实力对比
England
America
population: 10 m.
3 million
most advanced
not
developed
strongest navy
none
High morale
--
Americans: high morale but repeated setbacks
Difficulties:
1. not every
colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as
big merchants and bankers
2. the
Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did
not have an executive branch to carry out the
decisions
3. lack money
4.
each colony is more concerned about defending
itself than gaining independence as a whole
5. lack the strength to fight against
the British army.
Turning
point and the victories
se
attacks
游击战
in
’
s diplomatic
activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids
from France, Spain and Holland.
volunteers: e.g. Lafayette
Last victory
: Decisive
battle at Yorktown led by Washington
On
Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis
(
康沃利斯
)
surrendered.
The final peace
treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783
acknowledged the American Independence.
（
The final peace treaty was
signed in 1782 and went in effect in
1783
）
?
Constitutional
Convention
制宪会议
America Following Independence
new problems
1) how to make use of the new territory
--allow the founding of new
states [equality and democracy]
2) not
very closely united
--13 separate states rather than a
united country
3) economic
difficulties
-- trade problem with
Britain
--debts because of
the Independance War
-- increasing tax
and Shays
’
Rebellion in Massachusetts
The need for a new
Government was felt
——
May 25,1787,55 delegates
from all states except Rhode Island attended the
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
No easy work:
the North vs
the South
the upper class vs lower
class
state government vs central
government
The draft of Constitution--
completed
on September 17, 1787--
Constitutional Day of the US
The Father of the Constitution: James
Madison
Bill of
Rights(1789): 10 amendments to the Constitution
freedom of religion,
freedom of speech and the press,
the right of peaceful
assembly and petition,
the right to
keep and bear arms,
the
right against unreasonable searches and seizures,
the right against self-
incrimination
（自证其罪）
---the
right for everyone to refuse to give witness
against himself in any
criminal case.
---a defense line against violations of
human rights
政治体制见另一张
?
Territorial
Expansion
领土扩张
Washington as the First President
华盛顿执政期间
April 6,
1789
, Washington was elected as the
First President
by a unanimous vote in
New York (provisional capital)
1) success in transforming the states
into a union
2) Economy
witnessed development
”
Ways to Expand
四种领土扩张方式
Purchase
: Louisiana
Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etc
War:
Mexican War,
Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.
Annexation
: Mexican
Annexation, Hawaii
Annexation, etc.
Westward
Movement
Jefferson and the
Purchase of Louisiana
杰斐逊执政期间
---
third US President in
1801
---emphasized development of
agriculture and commerce
---favored the westward expansion
Louisiana
Purchase, 1803
其意义：
1
.doubled the territory of
US
and make possible further expansion
the Mississippi River
system under the complete control of the US
1) stimulate the
agricultural and industrial development of the
Midwest
2)appearance of
large cities as Chicago and Kansas Cities
The Mexican War
(1846-1848 )
过程
-- America claimed Texas, used to be
part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in
the purchase of Louisiana.
-- In 1836,
self-declaration of independence of Texas with
many American Settlers from Mexico
--
1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal
treaty was forced on Mexico.
?
Westward
Movement
西进运动
Expansion to the west (end of 18th-
first half of 19th century)
reason to move:
for
increased population
satisfied with
the present life
an frontiersmen
拓荒者
The most outstanding of all the
westward migration took place after the war of
1812,there were many
contributing factors
:
--the war 1812 drove the native Indians
--the Federal government built roads
and canals
-- The
Mississippi River opened and steam boat was
invented in 1807.
--
government policy: land for sale
--the
Homestead Act
宅地法
（
1862 President Lincoln)
Cities:San
Francisco,Portland,Denver
The significance and
importance
西进运动的重要性和影响
-- Frontiersmen's Influence
Positive:
on Politics
：
---Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson,
Lincoln and Grant
Expanded
territory and increased population laid the
foundation for a global power.
On
Economics
fast development of
agriculture
food surplus for trade
contribution to industrialization
On transportation and
urbanization
On American character and
value
---dash and daring, ready to run
risks and aggressive
---learn many
skills and
self-reliance, self-
discipline
---farmers and hunters , poor lower
class; so not pay attention to social background
---hard work:
---rough , pragmatic and less refined ,
honest
Negative: Trail of
Tears of Indians
?
The beginning
of Slavery in America
美国奴隶制起源
Reason
: labor shortage in
the colonies
Time:
first in 1619 to plant
tobacco
Method:
the triangular trade :carried out by the slave
traders mainly from the New England by capturing
Negros in west
Africa
development and change:
-- declined after Independence War
-- revived when the American Industrial
Revolution began in late 18th century.
-- By 1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3
of the Southern population
?
American Civil War
南北战争
/
美国内战
Conflicts arising from Slavery
Reasons
：
-- Economically,north demanded the
Congress to pass the protective tariff law
--Politically,westward
expansion: new land as free states or slave-
holding states?
--Religious
and moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutal
Development of
the conflict
1)
abolitionists: to end slavery
---secret organization to help slaves
escape
---mobilize public support
2)
the
publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 Mrs. Stowe)
（
led to the outbreak of the
American civil
war
一个小妇人的一部小书引起了一场战争）
总结：
Civil
War
爆发的原因：
cal
balance between the North and the South was broken
y inhibited the development of
capitalism
Christians opposed slavery
for religious and moral reasons.
Abraham Lincoln
a Republican;
anti -slavery
On March 4, 1861 President
Lincoln
Firm in preserving the Union
Military Contest in the
Civil War
2 sides : the
Confederate States of America (Confederacy) led by
Davis
and the Union led by
Abraham Lincoln
Attack On
April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South Carolina
Lincoln's goal: to defend the Union and
defeat separatism
分离论
North
South
advantages:
advantages:
---larger population
---strong military tradition
---loyal Navy
---experienced military
officers
---factories for munition
production
---high morale
---enough food supply
disadvantages:
disadvantages:
---poorly
prepared
---smaller
population
---inexperienced soldiers
---not enough food supply
The year 1863 was a turning point when
the blockade stopped all foreign trade of the
South.
In July 1863, a great victory of
the North in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Emancipation Proclamation
,
effective on Jan. 1, 1863
Lincoln's Gettysburg
Address:
government of the people, by
the people, for the people.
民有
,
民治
,
民享
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