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Unit One
—
Text A
Secrets
of A
Students
T
ext-
related information
1. Grading system
Schools,
colleges
and
universities
in
Great
Britain
and
the
United
States
commonly use letter
grades t indicate the quality of a
student
’
s academic
performance:
A(excellent),
B(good),
C(average),
D(below
average),
and
F(failing).
In
the
United
States,
work
rated
C
or
above
is
usually
required
of
an
undergraduate
student
to
continue
his/her
studies;
work
rated
B
or
higher
is
usually
required
of
a
graduate
student
to
continue.
In
percentage
scales,
100
percent
is
the
highest
mark,
and
70
percent
(or 65 percent) is usually the lowest passing
work.
2.
Students
at universitie
s
A university
student who has not yet taken his or her first, or
“
bachelor
’
s
”
degree
is
an undergraduate. In the United States, a first-
year student at a college or university,
and
in
a
high
school
as
well,
is
called
a
freshman
,
a
second-year
student
a
sophomore
, and
a third-year student a
junior,
and a fourth-year
student a
senior
. A
graduate
is
a
person
who
has
completed
a
university
degree
course
while
a
postgraduate
(or
graduate
in
the
United
States)
is
a
person
doing
studies
that
are
done at a university after one has
received a first degree.
3. Cambridge
剑桥大学
[1]
（
University of
Cambridge
）
成立于
1209
年
，最早是由
一批为躲避殴斗而从
牛津大学
逃离出来的老师建立的。
亨利三世
国王
在
1231
年授予
剑桥
教学垄断权。
剑桥大学和牛津大学
（
University
of
Oxford
）
齐名为
英国
的两所最优秀的
大学
，被合称为“
Oxbridge
”，是世界十大名
校之一，
81
位
诺贝尔奖
得
主出自此校。剑桥大学是英国名校联盟“
罗素大
学集团
”（
Russell Group
）和
欧洲
的大学联盟
科英布拉集团
< br>（
Coimbra
Group
）的成员。现任校长是艾利森·理查德。
剑桥大学所处的剑桥
(Cambri
dge)
是一个拥有
10
万居民的英格
兰
小镇，距英国首都伦敦不到
100
千
米，这个小镇有一条河流穿过，被命名
为“
剑河
”（
River Cam
，也译作“
< br>康河
”），早在公元前
43
年，
罗马士
兵就驻扎在剑河边，后来还在剑河上建起了一座大桥，这样，河名和桥加
住一起，就构成了剑桥这一地名。绝大多数的学院、研究所、图书馆和实
验室都在这个镇上，此外还有
20
多所教堂。
< br>
剑桥大学有
31
个学院，有
三个女子学院，两个专门的研究生院，各学
院历史背景不同，实行独特的
学院制
，
风格各异
的
35
所学院经济上
自负盈
亏
；剑桥大学负责生源规划和教学工作，各学院内部录取步骤各异，每个
学院在某种程度上就像一个微型大学，有自己的校规校纪。剑桥大学的第
一所
学院彼得学院于
1284
年建立，其他的学院在
14
和
15
世纪陆续建立。<
/p>
1
Unit One
—
Text A
< br>剑桥大学的许多地方保留着
中世纪
以来的风貌，到处可见
几百年
来不断按原样精心维修的古城建筑，许多校舍的门廊、墙壁上仍然装饰着
古朴庄严的塑像和印章，高大的染色玻璃窗像一幅幅瑰丽的画面。剑桥大
学有教师
(
教授、
副教授、
讲师
)1,000
余名，
另外还有
1,000
余名访问学者。
剑
桥大学共有学生
16,900
名，其中包括
6,935
名研究生，
72%
的研
究生来
自其它大学，研究生中
42%
是
国外
留学生
，
女生
占
36%
。大学校长为女王丈
夫菲
历普亲王
(
他同时兼任牛津大学校长
)
，设一名常务副校长主持日常工
作。
剑桥大学的学生参与多种业余活动
，其中
划船
是最流行的体育运
动，剑桥
大学各学院间经常比赛，而且剑桥大学每年都会与牛津大学举行
划船比赛。各学院间还举
行其他各种体育比赛，包括
橄榄球
、
板
球
、
国际
象棋
等。
该大学在
世界品牌实验室
（
World Brand Lab
）编制的
2006
年度
《
世界品牌
500
强
》排行榜中名列第
五十九。
V
ocabulary
1.
perform
—
do (a
job); complete (a task)
e.g. Computers
can perform many different tasks.
The
firefighters
performed
outstanding
acts
of
bravery
in
the
September
11
attack.
Perform
well/badly/poorly
—
work
well/badly/poorly; achieve a good/poor result
e.g. I must say I performed poorly in
the speech contest.
The new drug has perform
well in tests.
2.
concentrate--
direct all
one’
s attention, etc. towards sth.; be
absorbed in sth.
e.g. Sally
tried to concentrate on her studies in spite of
the noise.
It’
s said that yoga can help
you contrite better.
据说瑜伽能够帮助你更好地
集中精力。
3.
focus
—
V
. & N.
direct one
’
s attention on
sth; the concentration of
one
’
s attention
e.g. Today
’
s
topic focused on Chinese festivals.
The research effort
focused on
the development
of a new chemical.
All eyes were
focused
on
him.
大家的眼光都注意着他。
You
should
focus
your
attention
on
your work.
你应该把注意力放到工作上。
He
always wants to be the focus of attention.
他总想成为注意力的焦点。
Bring the object into focus if you want
a sharp photograph.
要照出清晰的照片，就要把焦点对准物体。
词义辨析
:
concentrate, focus
这两个动词均有“集中，聚集”之意。
concentrate:
指把人或物集中在一起，也可指把
精力或注意力集中于某一事
物上。
focus:
侧重指把光、热、射线等集中于一点，也可指把
思想或精力等集中于
2
Unit One
—
Text A
某人或某事情上。
4. athlete, sportsperson, player
athlete
—
a person
who is skilled in bodily exercise and who competes
in games that
need strength and speed,
such as running and jumping.
Sportsperson
—
a
person who is keen on spors.
Player
—
a person
who plays in a ball game, often professionally.
e.g.
It
’
s quite an event for an
athlete to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games.
My boss is a
keen sportsperson and keeps encouraging me to get
more
outdoor activity.
Michael Jordan is the best
basketball player
I’
ve ever
seen.
5.
essential
—
(1) n. (usu. Pl.)
sth. that is necessary or very important
(2)
a. (to, for) necessary, central
e.g. In considering this problem, you
should grasp its essentials.
在考虑这一问题时，你应当抓住实质。
Her most essential quality is kindness.
她最主要的品质是善良。
Food
is essential to life.
食物对生命是必不可少的。
Political
stability is essential for economic development.
6.
relevant
(ant.
Irrelevant)
—
direc
tly
connected
with
the
subject
or
problem
being
discussed or considered
e.g. The essay
isn't
even remotely
relevant to
the topic.
这篇文章毫不切题。
These
facts
are
relevant to
the case.
这些事实和此案有关。
She
gobbled up all the relevant information.
她如饥似渴地收集一切有关的信息。
This type of university
course
is
no longer
relevant to
today's
problems.
这类大学课程对当今的问题而言已没有实际价值。
His nationality
isn't
relevant to
whether he's a good
teacher.
他的国籍与他是否是位好老师无关。
7. approach--
n.
接近
,
途径
,
方法
;
v.
靠近
,
接近
,
动手处理
e.g.
All the
approaches to the palace were guarded by troops.
通往宫殿的所有道路都有部队把守。
The time is approaching when we must
think about buying a new house.
我们要想一想买新房子的事了，时机即将来临。
Heavy footsteps signalled the teacher's
approach.
沉重的脚步声显示教师已经走近了。
There are several ways of approaching
the problem.
处理这个问题有好几个方法。
All approaches to the city were
blocked.
通往这座城市的所有道路都被封锁了。
Silently we approached the enemy's
camp.
我们静悄悄地逼近敌人的营地。
3
Unit One
—
Text A
The lion's approach
drove away the small animals.
狮子一走近，小动物们都跑开了。
【词义辨析】
manner,
method, way, mode, fashion, means,
approach
这些名词均含“方法、方式”之意。
manner:
多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
method:
指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
way:
普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或
方式，也可指
特殊的方式或方法。
mode:
书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
fashion:
着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means:
指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach:
指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
8.
solution
—
an act or way of
finding an answer to a difficulty or problem
e.g. We haven't found the
solution yet, but I'm sure we're on the right
track.
我们还没有找到解决办法，但我肯定我们的思路是对的。
It seems (to me) (to be) the best
solution.
(
依我看
)
这似乎是最好的解决办法。
Language Points
1.
“
Br
ain
”—
intelligence; the
ability to learn and understanding things quickly
e.g. Tom
’
s got
brains but is too lazy to use them.
I hope the baby
has his mother
’
s brains and
his father
’
s good look.
2.
“
Necessarily
”—
often used in negatives
means
“
in every
case
”
e.g. Books
are not necessarily the best
teacher
—
sometimes we learn
more from
our experiences.
The fact that sth in cheap
doesn
’
t necessarily mean
it
’
s low of quality.
If we reply
“
Not
necessarily
”
, we mean that
what has just been said or suggested
may not be true.
“
We
’
ll
need to employ another teacher
then
”
“
Not
necessarily
”
3.
make the most of
—
make the
best of; use or enjoy to the greatest advantage,
use in
the best way
e.g. The
young lady has learned to make the most of every
opportunity offered to
her.
这位年轻女士懂得充分利用她所得到的每一次机会。
The government is
determined to make the most of the
region
’
s natural
resources to further promote economic
and social progress.
4.
counts for
much/little/nothing
—
be of
much/little/no worth or importance
e.g.
He knows only one side of the story and therefore
his opinion counts for very
little.
Knowledge
without common sense counts for little.
A man with no sense of
responsibility does not count for anything.
5.
“
not the whole
story
”
or
“
part of the
story
”
-- the explanation or
information given
is not enough for a
situation to be fully understood.
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