ACCAF知识点总结

h a p t e r 1

只受理民事案件

County court

民法

(civil law)

和刑法

(

criminal law

)

的划分

1.

只受理刑事案件

Crown court

Civil law: an form of private law

,

used by

individuals to assert rights against other

individuals

Criminal law: an aspect of public law to regulate crimes

and to punish offenders

民刑通吃

Magistrate

'

s court , high court, court of

appeal, supreme court

只受理一审

County court, magistrate

'

s court

只受理上诉

一审上诉通吃

Court of appeal , supreme court

High court , crown court

Issue

Civil

Claimant/plaintif

f

原告

Criminal

Who

brings the

action

Burden of

proof

Standard

of proof

---------------------------

Chap

ter2

Prosecutor/cps/state

1.

Doctrine of Precedence(

遵循先例制度的一般规

则

):some decisions made by a court are binding

and similar subsequent legal cases should be

Claimant/plaintif

f

原告

Prosecutor/cps/state

decided on the basis of the law

in earlier cases.

Balance of

probabilities

Liable/not

(judge)

Beyond reasonable

2.

doubt

可以创立判例法规则

：

Supreme Court/Court of

Appeal/High Court;

不可以创立

:Crown,

Decisions

Guilty or not

Magistrates, County Courts cannot create

precedent.

Aims

Remedies

Compensatory

damages

影响法

Punitive/to punish

* 2 3

庭判决的因

素

):ration decidendi

判决理由

［

the reason for the

Imprisonment/fines

jecisionl/Obiter dicta

附带说明

［

statement made

纠正

Elements of judicial decision(

persuasive authority

］

1.

4.

)

y the way, not binding, but merely of

judicial precedent): Overrule

取代

［

the procedure

whereby a court higher in the legal hierarchy sets

法官又可以因为那些理由拒绝先例

aside a legal ruling established in a

(disregarding

lower court in the same case

］

/Distinguishing

法

官的自

由裁决

［

a

precedent is avoided by a judge demonstrating

previous casel/Reverse

推翻

［

a procedure whereby a

court higher in the hierarchy reverses the decision of a

2.

不同法院管辖事件的类型

that the material facts of two cases are not the same]

5.

Rules of Statutory Interpretation

法的解

释

）

:

①

the literal approach :the literal rule[means

that words in the Act should be given their literal and

grammatical meaning rather than what the judge

thinks they mean./the golden rule :this rule is applied

in circumstances where the application of the literal

rule is likely to result in an obviously absurd result.

②

the purposive approach :the judge should ,where

necessary ,look beyond the words of statute to find

out the reason/purpose for its enactment, and that

meaning should be interpreted in the light of the

purpose[Mischief rule :purposive approach

的具体表

现形式

/where a statute is designed to remedy a

weakness in the law, the correct interpretation is the

one which achieves it.]

6.

语言处理规则（法律没有追溯力

a statute does

not have retrospective effect

）

Chapter3

合同法（

IMP

）

1.

合同的概念

a legally binding agreement enforceable

in law

2.

从要约到承诺是否达成

agreement [invitations to

treat

要约邀请

--offer

要约

--acceptance

承诺

----

agreement]

3.

Termination of an offer:express rejection/counter off

反要约

/lapse of time/revocation of an off/death/if the

off is suject to a condition,it will lapse on failure of that

condition

4.

Privity of Contract

合同相对性原则

：

the common law

doctrine that only those are party to the contract---

have rights or liabilities under the contract/ have the

right to enforce the

contract,contracts cannot give rights or obligations

to others

Chapter4

1.

分类标准

Express and lmplied terms:

某个条款是否经过双

方当事人协商同意（

agreed by the parties

）

Condition

，

warranties and innominate terms

核心，从属和无名条款

：根据条款重要性

2.

免责条款（三观概念）

Any clause that attempts to exempt , or limit, the

liability of one party for breach of contract or

negligence

3 test: correctly incorporated into the contract

形式正

确

/worded clearly to exclude the breach

措辞清晰

/reasonable per statute

内容合理

Chapter5

1.

type of breach

Repudiatory breach

根本性违约：

refusal to

perform

拒绝履行

/failure to perform an entire

obligation

不履行某项

/incapacitation

无力履行

/breach of condition

违反核心条款

/breach of an

innominate term

违反无名条款

Anticipatory breach

预期违约：未到合同履

行时间，当事人提前说明无法履行；收到预

< br>期

违约通知可立即追究违约责任，也可等到

履行

合同时间追究责任

Lawful excuses for non-performance

开脱责任：

performance is impossible

因不可预见的事情发生不

可履行

/

尝试履行被拒绝

< br>/ the other party make it impossible

for him to performance/contract is discharged through

have been agreement permitted non-performance

frustration

情势变更

/the party

2.

Remedies : when a breach occurs, the court has

to decide what the appropriate remedy should

be.

rule:The test for establishing breach of duty is an

objective one:a breach of duty occurs if the

defendant:

”…

fails to do something which a

man...would do.

Common law

Damage

赔偿金

,action for the

price, quantum meruit

factors to consider

probability of injury

seriousness of the risk

造成伤害的严重性

and practicability

成本可行性

Equitable law

衡平法

Specific performance

实际

履

行，

injunction

禁令，

rescission of the contract

撤销

合同

3.

Liquidated damage

违约金：

a genuine preestimate of

the loss

在订立合同前已经商定了，

loss

）

practice

证明是行业误差范围内

persons/professionals

benefit

③

The breach of duty caused harm to the claimant

违反义务是导致损失的原因

有利于解纠纷，如果违约金过高（远大于

判为惩罚性，则不可执行

4. specific performance

:

the court directs a party

to complete their contractual obligations

以下几种情况法官不会让合同继续履行：

courts

but for test

break in the chain of causation

切断因果关系链的

要素

natural event

of a third party

of the claimant

原侵权人不承担责任

cannot supervise

法官无力监督履行

/personal

service/minors involved

Chapter6 Tort

侵权法

A wrongful act against an individual which gives rise

to a civil claim.

1.

过失侵权的

4

个证明环节（概念标准内容）