-
写作讲义
梁坚实
@
新东方梁坚实
/liangjianshi
一、
Introduction
综合写作:
客观题——情景再现
听听力时努力记笔记,听懂且能记下来,否则不得分
字数要求:
Integrated
Writing
:
200-300
Independent Writing
:求
>400,
越多越好,一般写够
500
以上都是
good
如果只写够最低值,得不了高分
打字速度:
30min400
字以上
格式:
如何分段:
缩行式
空行式
不要又缩又空
标点符号后要空格,前面不空
如何用
TPO
作文:
综合写作:
33
道题——全部复习材料(
1-10,22-27
,其余模考)
,练能力
独立写作:
33
道题一道
不要做,做机经。讲的
30
道题必须会写。
二、综合写作
(
1
)听力永远反驳阅读
(
2
)阅读和听力的文章结构(一总三分)
阅读
听力
总观点
总观点
分论点一
分论点一
解释
例子
+
细节
细节
分论点二
分论点二
分论点三
分论点三
Tips
:
对应性反驳,三三对应,逐条反驳
分论点
=
要点
(
4
)综合写作行文构架(共四段)<
/p>
:
阅读主要说。
。
(阅读总观点)
。
。听力主要说。
。
(听力总观点)
。
< br>。听力反驳了阅读;
阅读认为。
。
(阅读分论点一)
。
。听力认为。
。
(听力分论点一)
。
。那是因为。
。
(听力分
论点
一后的细节)
。
。听力反驳了阅读;
阅读认为。
。
(阅读分论点二)
。
。听力认为。
。
(
听力分论点二)
。
。那是因为。
。
p>
(听力分
论点二后的细节)
。
。听力反驳了阅读;
阅读认为。
< br>。
(阅读分论点三)
。
。听力认
为。
。
(听力分论点三)
。
。那是因为。
。
(听力分
论点三后的细节)
。
。听力反驳了阅读;
综合写作不需要标题,不要写结尾
补充:
[1]
阅读主旨句通常为第一段最后一句话。
[2]
阅读中论点为主观想法时,
可以直接加
not
反推听力论点;
阅读中论点为客观
事实时,听
力认为阅读中论点不充分。
[3]
阅
读主旨句概括文章将来结构时,论点常为主观想法,直接
+not
[4]
当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时,至少有一种论证方式为主观想法,听<
/p>
力只反驳主观想法
[5]
听完后先不要动笔写,回忆一下听的和读的是否能对得上
关于行文框架的几点说明:
A.
p>
综合写作
2,3,4
段每段必须包含
3
部分:
阅读材料要点;听力材料的要点和细节;两者关系——反驳
<
/p>
B.
阅读的细节不重要,可以不写,一般不写。如果写阅读细节的
话,则需要归纳
改写阅读的核心细节,最忌讳大段照抄阅读原文
C.
阅读分论点的位置:段首或者段尾(占
80%
)
;不明确(能归纳)
。如
出现在段
首或者段尾,同义改写:分论点比较短的,同义词稍稍改写个别词即可;分论点
比较长的,归纳一下。有三种改写方式:同义词改写(
ever
yday=daily
)
,同根词
改写
(
necessary=necessity
)
,全新表达方式
D.
听力材
料无论是分论点还是细节
用原词原句最准确,
不需要改写
,
把原文都记
下来是一个理想状态,
如果达不到的话自己去归纳,
归纳必须遵照听力原文,
< br>不
允许发挥。
E.
核心思想是“替换”
,表现用词用语的多样性,避免重复
< br>
Reading material,the author, the
writer.
F.
得分的不是模板,是填的空
综合写作重要句型:
lecture discusses..., which differs from the main
idea in the reading that...
professor
makes the point that.... The reading, in contrast,
holds a different view
that...
important point shown in the reading
material is that..., but the listening presents
a conflicting idea that...
4.
The
professor
states
that...,
which
challenges
the
standpoint
made
by
the
writer
who says that...
professor
discusses
that
problem
of...
,
and
the
reading
views
in
a
contrary
(different) angle
that...
professor
makes
the
point
that...On
the
contrary
(in
contrast),
the
writer
demonstrates an idea
that...
模板:
The
reading
material
discusses...,
which
differs
from
the
main
idea
in
the
listening
that...
An important point
shown in the reading material is that..., but the
listening presents a
conflicting idea
that...
The
writer
makes
the
point
that....
The
lecture,
in
contrast,
holds
a
different
view
that...
The author states
that..., which challenges the standpoint made by
the professor who
says that...
综合写作笔记要点:
笔记不求完美,
符号记笔记,中英文结合,首字母缩写。笔记是练出来的,形成
个性化笔记。每个听力段
落至少听
10
遍,练习记笔记。
记完笔记后练习复述。
独立写作
一、写作流程
2
分钟审题
题型分类(
9
种,价值判断、现象证明
及其他)
解题方法(万金油、拆分举例)
文章结构
论证方法
开头
主体段落(主题句
+
解释
+
例子
+
细节
+
结论)
结尾
2
分钟检查
二、托福作文观点的要求
由于托福作
文题目都是可争论性的话题,所以同意或者反对,选
A
或者选<
/p>
B
都
是可以的;
观点的选取不需要完美的逻辑,只要自圆其说即可;
观点也不需要思想深度,也不需要创新;
---------------------------
永远写好写的,自己能
写的。
尽量不要涉及到政治、宗教等问题。
三、文章结构
四或者五段都可。
开头结尾独立成段
,中间可以写
2-3
段都可以。
字数分配
开头
50
词
结尾
30
词
即开
头
+
结尾大约
100
< br>词
中间写
3
< br>段,每段
100
词,
100
p>
词不容易出现语言重复,所以五段比四段(每段
150
词)好
时间分配
开头
3
分钟
结尾
2
分钟
中间每段
100
词
7
分钟
每段
150
词
10
分钟
四、论证结构
绝对论证:所有的观点指向一个方向
五段:
A
A+
A+
A+/B-
A
四段:
A
A+
A+
A
让步论证:一定要写五段;让一小步
五段:
A
A+
A+
A-
A
五、开头(观点明确)
1.
三部分内容:
< br>引言(重要性
/
影响
/
趋势)
论题(同义改写题目)
观点
2.
句型
(
1
)第一句话
重要性
Importance
...play an essential role
in
...
...be of
equal importance
to
...
...be considered to be important
means/role
to
...
影响
Influence
...had a widespread/positive/negative
impact on...
趋势
Prevalence
There is a
general trend that...
There is a common
practice that...
(
2
)第二句话
论题(同义改写题目:同义词;同根词;全新表达方式)
... Is a controversial topic.
...is under fierce discussion.
However, people have
conflicting/differing opinions about whether...
(3)
第三句话:观点
Eg
:
or disagree: Technology makes
people
’
s lives more
complicated.
Technology has had
tremendous impact on every aspect of modern life.
However, whether technology made our
lives more complex or not is a controversial
topic. From my perspective, I believe
technology has made our lives more convenient.
people have a close
relationship with their pets. These people treat
their birds,
cats, o
r other
animals as members of their family. In your
opinion, are such relationships good?
Pets
are
an
integral/ess
ential
part
of
the
modern
life.
However,
people
are
having
differing opinions about whether it is
beneficial to have a close relationship with them.
I believe such a relationship brings
benefits to people in various ways despite some
potential
harms.
(典型让步)
3.
People should
not pay for public transportation.
试写:
Public
transportation
plays
an
essential
role
in
our
modern
daily
life.
However,
whether
people
should pay for using
public transportation or not is a controversial
topic.
From
my perspective,
people should not pay for public
transportation.
范例:
There is a general trend that the
situation of traffic jams and air pollution has
been progressively
serious. Wether
public transportation should be made free is under
fierce discussion. I believe the
plan
should be implemented.
六、中间段落的写法
结构:主题句<
/p>
+
解释
+
例子<
/p>
+
细节
+
结论<
/p>
1.
主题句:前置于段首,陈述句。<
/p>
(不要套长模板,长模板不算有效字数)
2.
解释:
解释的适用范围:
在任何情况下都可以解释,尤其在以下两种情况下必须要解释:
当主题句抽象难懂之时,要用解释的方法使主题句具体化,为举例子打基础。
当例子细节难以写出(如艺术)
,写不够字数时
,用解释的方法充字数。
解释的实现方法:
为什么是这样
p>
/
为什么要这样
Eg1
:吸烟有害健康。
属于常识,
不抽象,
可以直接举例子,不过任何情
况都可以解释,
所以也可以解释并且举例
子。
< br>
Eg2
:
主题句:电影模式化导致电影产业发展缓慢。
解释:情节过于一致,导致在影片一开始的时候,观众就能轻而易举的猜出结尾。
举例:
王子公主土匪的故事,一开始我就能猜出谁和优雅的
公主结婚了,谁被打死了。
观众
不爱买票,就缓慢了。
范例:
To
begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the
rate at which the movie industry develops. It
is
because
there
is
no
innovation
in
designing
the
plot. Once
the audience
can
easily
guess
the
ending
at
the
beginning
of
movies,
they
will
soon
find
those
movies
boring.
For
example,
a
good-looking hero and an ugly villain,
do you think who will marry the elegant princess
and who
will be put into jail finally
in those movies? The answer is quite obvious. In
this case, people will
be reluctant to
put movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie
industry may actually suffer.
试写:
From my
perspective, The stereotype of movies will lead to
a decrease of the development speed
in
movie
industry. The consistent plots
are likely
to cause the situation where
the audience can
guess the
ending of the story without efforts at the very
beginning of the movie. Take the story of
prince, princess and thief for example.
I can surmise who will finally marry the princess
and who
will be hit to death from the
start. Thus the audience would not like to but
tickets to watch such
story, so the
development process will be delayed.
3.
举例
真与假(托福作文考试不考察真实性)
本人与别人
中国人与外国人
< br>一例与多例(
一段中
举一例后字数不够,
相同类型
的例子继续举)
例子种类:
物(东西)
、事(人)
、数例(根据
...
调查,得出
...
结论)
找素材的方法:维基百科
事例
(取决于话题大小)
话题大:名人
创新、成功两类话题
Eg:
亨利福特,史蒂夫乔布斯,沃尔特迪士尼,比尔盖茨,扎克伯格(科技进步,创造力)
;
奥巴马,赖斯(黑人的成功)
;
默克尔,希拉里克林顿(女人的成功)
包括:生平简介(
20
词)创造贡献(
50-60
词)社会评价(
20
词)
话题小:凡人
my uncle
数例
:背两个模板,只要套模板没数字也可以
缺点:字数太少
解决方案:数例
p>
+
事例(举多例)
数例
+<
/p>
事例(举多例)
物例
+
事例
(举多例)
总结:使段落变长的方法
1
主题句后的解释
2
举一例深入挖掘细节
3
举多例平行给出细节
4
物、事、数例搭配使段落变长
5
以上方法结合起来
Eg
:
People
can
solve
important
problems
by
themselves
or
with
the
help
from
their
family
members so
there
’
s no need for the
government to help them.
观点:不赞成
Firstly,
people
cannot
solve
the
problem
of
unemployment
either
by
themselves or with the help from their
family members.
(主题句)
Unemployment is sometimes a nation-wide
or even world-wide problem,
It largely
depends on the economic situation and government p
olicies.
(
解
释)
According to a report issued by
China Economic and Financial Research
Center(CEFRC), the rate of unemployment
soars from a normal value of
3% to a
horrible number, around 10%, when the financial
crisis happens.
(数例)
In this case, government is responsible
to carry out effective policies, like
to increase
government
’
s expenditure, to
create more job opportunities in
the
whole society, and to cut down the negative impact
of the economic
disorder.(attention:economic
disorder=financial
crisis)
In
contrast,
a
person
’
s
individual willingness and ability seems useless
and it is barely
possible for him to
remedy the social disease.
九、结尾
结尾呼应主题,重述分论点(同义改写)
十、回顾
开头
第一句话(重要性,影响,趋势)
第二句话:主题句
第三句话:观点
中间段
主题句
+
解释
+
举例子(物、事、数例)<
/p>
+
细节
+
结论<
/p>
结尾
独立写作题型:
价值判断
现象证明
今昔对比与预测
绝对词
抽象词之“成功”
抽象词之“幸福”
资源分配
薪水问题
选课问题
(
一
)
价值判断
价值判断就是分析一个事物的优缺点
基本特征:
should, important,
necessary, prefer(
单纯的价值判断
)
better, more...
than...
(带有明显比较关系的价值判断)
段落展开要用对比法
每一段
都写
A
的优点和
B
的缺点
解题方法:
1.
万金油
10
个常用分论点:便利,健康,经济,交流,幸福,成功,环保,品德,科技,国家社
会
“便健经交幸
成环品科国”
便利(
convenience
)
:
节省
/
浪费时间
时间灵活
交通
休闲、娱乐
购物
教育
医疗
健康和安全:
营养(
well-balanced
nutrition
)
压力过大(
get stressed
out
)
缓解压力(
relieve the
stress/pressure
)
生活习惯(
life style: stay
up
)
财产安全(
property
/possession/esteem safety
)
经济:
就业问题
工资(
wage/salary
)
收入
(income)
支出(
spending/expenditure/expense
)
p>
盈利(
make
profits
)
交流:
交友
(make friends)
集体活动
(collective activity)
人际关系
(interpersonal
relationship)
社交圈子
(enlarge
social circle)
幸福(
happiness
)
:
基本生活需求(
basic
needs
)
安全感(
safety
)
感情(
family love/friendship/lo
ve/interests/
好恶:
personal
favor/preference/taste
)
成功(
success
)
:
成就感
(a sense of
achievement/accomplishment/fulfillment)
荣誉感
(a sense of honor)
自信
(self-confidence)
竞争
(competition)
压力
(pressure/stress)
环保:
生态平衡(
ecological
balance
)
沙漠化
(desertification)
滥砍滥伐
(deforestation)
可持续发展
(sustainable
development)
濒危动物
(endangered
animals)
Dinosaurs have
been extinct.
环境污染
(environmental
pollution)
品格
(vi
rtue)
: