-
APA Referencing Guide (6th
Edition)
This
page
is
intended
as
an
online
resource
for
students
and
covers
both
the
usage
of
the
APA
style
and
examples of how to reference/cite
material
. If you're familiar with the
APA style, and just want to
know
how
to
format
your
references,
you
can
download
the
Library's
handy
APA
quick
guide
(2 page
printable
PDF).
P
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Download the
APA quick guide
Tutorials on
how to use APA
How to use
the APA referencing style
How to reference/cite
material
A
P
A
Q
U
I
C
K
G
U
I
D
E
Download the Library's APA quick guide
if you're familiar with the APA style, and just
want to know how
to format your
references.
APA Quick Guide
(2 page printable PDF)
T
U
T
O
R
I
A
L
S
The
library
provides
tutorials
on
how
to
use
APA
that
are
free
to
attend
and
are
designed
for
new
students and current students wanting
to polish their referencing skills.
Sign up to one of our
APA
Referencing
or
APA for
Electronic Resources
tutorials now.
You can also access online tutorials
on the
American Psychological
Assocation website
.
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A research paper without
the acknowledgment of sources will be considered
plagiarised
- a breach not
only of
University
statute
that may result in
disciplinary action
, but of
your own academic integrity. The
consequences of plagiarism are serious
and enduring. Another key reason why it is
essential that you
reference your
sources is that readers need to be able to
retrieve the source information you have used.
So
whether
you
are
paraphrasing,
summarising,
or
quoting
directly
from
a
work,
you
must
credit
the
source by way of an in
text citation and by including the bibliographic
information of the resource in your
list of references.
The
following topics are covered in this section:
1.
How to use in text
citations
2.
How
to format a list of references
3.
Key points
Editor's notes:
?
The latest edition of the
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2010)
is
now
available in the
Library
.
?
?
Corrections to
the first printing can be found on the APA
website:
Corrections to the first
printing
(PDF)
and
Corrected sample paper
(PDF)
.
Changes to the 5th
edition are highlighted with the word
(NEW)
.
1. How to use in text citations
(quotes, paraphrasing)
Direct quotation
Use quotation marks and include page
numbers.
Samovar and Porter (1997)
point out that
Alternatively:
A quotation of
40 or more words should be formatted as a
freestanding, indented block of text without
quotation marks. Note the location of
the final full stop.
Weston (1948)
argues that:
One of the most important
phases of our special guests was to get
information that would throw light on
degeneration of the facial pattern that
occurs so often in our modern civilization. This
has its expression
in the narrowing and
lengthening of the face and the development of
crooked teeth. (p. 174)
If you quote from online material and
there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based
document), use the
paragraph number
(para.) instead.
studies to
range from 7% to 15% of all pregnancies
Indirect quotation/paraphrasing
Attaching meaning to symbols is
considered to be the origin of written language
(Samovar & Porter,
1997).
N.B. Page numbers are optional when
paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to
include them,
especially when it
assists the reader to locate the reference in long
pieces of text (Publication Manual, p.
171).
Citations from a secondary source
Use the phrase 'as cited in' to signify
the secondary source.
Arnett (2000, as
cited in Claiborne &Drewery, 2010) suggests there
is an emerging adult stage in the
lifespan of humans, covering young
people between the ages of 18 and 25 years.
N.B. List Claiborne &Drewery in your
reference list, not Arnett.
2. How to format a list of references
?
At the end of
your assignment, you are required to provide the
full
bibliographic
information
for each
source
cited in text.
o
Exception:
When citing from
a secondary source, list only the secondary source
in which you found the
original
information, and do not list the primary source in
the reference list.
?
?
?
Start the list of References on a new
page at the end of your assignment - do not use
footnotes
(Publication
Manual, p.37)
.
References
must be listed in alphabetical order by author,
and then chronologically.
References
should use the hanging indent format.
Books and book chapters
Each
reference should include four elements: (1)
Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title of the
work
and (4) Publication Information.
If
the
item
is
available
online,
a
retrieval
statement
or
DOI
is
required
after
(3)
Title.
Exclude
(4)
Publication Information.
N.B. Using a
Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)
is the preferred
method of identifying online material such as
journal
articles,
books
and
reports.
For
researchers,
when
a
DOI
is
available,
no
matter
whether
electronic or print, include it
(Publication Manual, p. 189).
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).
Title of the work
. Place
name: Publisher.
Author, A., & Author,
B. (Year).
Title of the
work
. Retrieved from http://...
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).
Title of the work
.doi: xx-
xxxxxxx
When a
book consists of many chapters written by
different authors, reference each chapter you
used.
Author, A., & Author, B.
(Year).Chapter A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor
(Eds.),
Title of the
book
(-xx). Place name:
Publisher.
Author, A., & Author, B.
(Year).Chapter A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor
(Eds.),
Title of the
book
(-xx). Retrieved from
http://...
Author, A., & Author, B.
(Year).Chapter A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor
(Eds.),
Title of the
book
(-xx).doi: xx-xxxxxxx
Periodicals
Items published on a regular basis,
such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are
known as serials
or periodicals.
Include the same elements as for a book, but
exclude the publication information and add
the volume, issue and page number(s)
instead. Each reference should include following
elements:
(1) Author (2) Date (3)
Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5)
Volume, Issue and Page numbers.
Author,
A., & Author, B. (Year).Article title.
Title of Periodical
,
x
(x), pp-pp
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).Article
title.
Title of Periodical
,
x
(x), pp-pp. doi:xxx-xxxxx
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).Article
title.
Title of Periodical
,
x
(x), pp-pp. Retrieved from
http://...
Webpages
Include
the
same
elements
as
for
a
book,
but
exclude
the
publication information
and add
a
retrieval
statement in its place: (1) Author (2)
Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement.
Include a retrieval date if the source
material is likely to change over time
(Publication Manual, p. 192)
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).
Title of the webpage
.
Retrieved from http://...
Author, A., &
Author, B. (Year).
Title of the
webpage
. Retrieved from ...website:
http://...
Author, A., & Author, B.
(Year, Month Day).Title of the webpage
[Description of form]. Retrieved from http://...
3. Key points
Author(s)
?
?
?
?
?
Invert the author(s) name(s), and use
initial(s) of first name(s).
Use the
ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names
(also note the full stop and comma after
each author's name).
Eight
or more authors: List first six authors, then
insert three elipses (...), followed by the last
author
(NEW)
.
Corporate / group author: i.e. an
organisation, association or government
department.
If the author's first name
is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop
after each initial.
One author
Two authors
Three to five
authors
Six or seven authors
(NEW)
Brown, W.
P.
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne,
S.
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper,
H., Coyle, A.,
Moran-Ellis, J., Senior,
V., & Walton, C.
Eight or more authors
(NEW)
Chiappini,
E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A.,
Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de
Martino, M.
Corporate / group author
No author
Ministry of Education.
Use
Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.
Date
The year of publication
goes in parentheses () after the author(s).
Books and academic journals
Magazines and newspapers:
Monthly
Daily, weekly
No date
In press
If
an
author
has
published
more
than
one
item
in
the
same
year,
add
lower
case
letters
a,
b,
c
etc.
immediately after the year. The order
is arranged alphabetically by title, but exclude A
or The when it is
the first
word
(Publication Manual, p.
182).
(n.d.)
(in
press)
(1993)
(1993, June)
(1993, June 12)
In text:
As
discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is ... Moreover,
Lohan (2009a) concludes ...
In the references
list:
Lohan, L. (2009a).
Managerial behaviour and... The Journal of
Information and... Lohan, L. (2009b). A
new perspective on ... New Zealand
Journal of Management...
Title of the work
?
?
?
?
Book titles are italicised, with the
first letter of the first word of the main title
and the subtitle in capital
letters.
Proper nouns also begin with a capital letter.
Journal titles (including magazines and
newspapers) are italicised and all key words in
the journal title
begin with a capital
letter.
Chapters in books and journal
article titles are in lowercase except for the
first letter of the first word of
the
title, subtitle, and any proper nouns (Publication
Manual, pp. 102-103).
The book or
journal title is italicised, not the chapter or
article.
Additional information that goes after
the title:
?
?
Information
such as edition or report number goes in
parentheses ( ) immediately after the title
(Publication Manual, p. 186).
A description of the work goes in
square brackets [ ] after the title. e.g. [DVD],
[PowerPoint slides],
[Poster], [Letter
to the editor], [Video file] etc.
Christchurch Methodist Central Mission.
(1984).
Durham Street Church: 120 years
anniversary brochure:
1864-1984
[Brochure]. Christchurch, New Zealand:
Author.
Publication
information
?
Give the location (city) of the
publisher - give the first city listed only.
o
Exception
: Place of
publication is not required for journal, magazine
or newspaper articles.
?
?
All publishing
cities now require the state or province, if
applicable, and country
(
NEW
)
.
For the United States, use the city
name, then the
2-letter postal
code
instead of the United States.
American cities
Non-American
cities
Thousand Oaks, CA
Hamilton, New Zealand
London, England
Non-American
cities with a state
Sydney, NSW, Australia
?
?
?
Do not include
words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep
words like Books or Press.
Use the
first publisher listed if multiple publishers are
given.
When the author is the publisher
of the work, use the word 'Author' in the
publisher field.
o
Exception
: Publishers are
not required for journal, magazine or newspaper
articles.
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This section
provides examples of how to reference materials
both in your list of references and in text
citations. For an easy to use, 2 page
printable version of this section, download the
Library's handy
APA
Quick
Guide
. Changes to the 5th edition are
highlighted with the word
(
NEW
)
.
To get started, select the kind of
resource you want to reference from the following:
Books
Journals
Magazines and newspapers
Audiovisual
Unpublished and informally published
works (webpages etc.)
Others
(course handouts, legal material, conference
papers, reports, personal communications,
etc.)
Images, tables, and
figures
B
O
O
K
S
Book - one author
In
Reference List
King, M. (2000).
Wrestling with the angel: A life of
Janet
In Text Citation
(King, 2000)
or
King (2000) compares Frame
with
(p. 34).
Frame.
Auckland, New Zealand:
Viking.
Book - two authors
In Reference List
In Text
Citation
Trevi?o,
L.
K.,
&
Nelson.
K.
A.
(2007).
Managing
business
ethics:
(Trevi?o& Nelson, 2007)
or
Straight talk
about how to do it right
. Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley.
Trevi?o
and
Nelson
(2007)
illustrated ...
N.B. When
paraphrasing, use
and
,
not &
(Publication Manual,
p. 175).
Book -
three authors and above
In Reference
List
In Text Citation
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne,
S. (2006).
Educational
(Krause, Bochner,
&
Duchesne,
2006)
or
psychology for
learning and teaching
(2nd ed.). South
Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.
Krause,
Bochner
and
Duchesne
(2006)
recommend
If
there
are
six
or
seven
authors
,
treat
the
reference
In
subsequent citations:
identically as you would with three to
five authors
(NEW)
.
According to Krause et al. (2006)
If
there
are
eight
or more
authors
,
list the
first six,
then
N.B: Cite all authors the first time,
three elipses
(…)
and finish with the last author
(NEW)
.
and in subsequent citations include
only the first author followed by et
al.(short
for
et
alii.
-
Latin
for
'and
others'). Do not italicise et
al.
Book -
Electronic with no
DOI
(NEW)
In
Reference List
In Text Citation
Will, R. J. (2002).
The
characteristic symphony in the age of
(Will, 2002)
or
Haydn and Beethoven
[Ebrary
Reader version]. Retrieved from
Ebrary database.
Will (2002)
attributes ...
N.B. If you are
submitting work to a publisher and there is
no
DOI
, you are
now required to give the URL of the Ebook's
homepage (in this example,
/corp/).
For undergraduate
students, give the name of the database,
as in the example above (do not include
the URL).
Book -
Electronic with a
DOI
(NEW)
In
Reference List
Larochelle, M., Bednarz,
N., & Garrison, J.
(2010).
Constructivism and
In Text
Citation
(Larochelle,
Bednarz,
&
Garrison,
2010)
In subsequent citations:
Larochelle
et
al.
(2010)
give
a
detailed
education.
doi:10.1017/CBO978
this
online
version
is
published
in
2010.
Use
2010
as
the
year
of publication.
N.B. Although the book is first
published in print in 1998,
account of
...
Book - Republished
In
Reference List
Baldwin, J. M. (1980).
Darwin and the humanities
(Library of
(Baldwin,
AMS.
(Original work published 1909).
In Text
Citation
1909/1980)
or
Baldwin
Genetic
Science
and
Philosophy
Series:
Vol.
2).
New
York,
NY:
(1909/1980) criticised...
N.B.
Both
the
original
publication
year
N.B.
Information
about
the
original
publication
in
and
the
year
of
the
republished
are
parentheses
after
the
publisher's
name
or
retrieval
statement
included.
is
included
(See
Also
Publication
Manual,
pp.
203-204,
example 21 and
26).
Book - Book
or report by a corporate / group author
In Reference List
In Text
Citation
World Health Organization.
(2008)
WHO global report on falls
(World
Health
Organization
[WHO],
2008)
prevention in older
age.
Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
In subsequent citations:
N.B.
When
the
author
and
the
publisher
are
the
same,
use
Author
WHO (2008) highlight the ...
in the publisher field. List in the
References list by the
N.B.
Some
group
authors
may
be
first
significant
word
of
the
organisation.
For
group
abbreviated
in subsequent
citations
if
authors,
the
parent
body
precedes
a
subdivision
(Publication
they are readily
recognisable.
Manual,
p.183).
Book -
no author (anonymous)
In Reference List
In Text Citation
Anonymous.
(1999).
Courage and grace: One woman's
journey of
(Anonymous, 1999)
recovery
from
food
addiction
and
obesity.
Taupo,
New
Zealand:
Avalon.
N.B.
If
the
author's
name
is
given
as
Anonymous,
use
Anonymous
in the author
field. If no author is stated, the title takes
the author position.
Book - no author
In Reference List
In Text
Citation
Joint
investigations
of
child
abuse.
(1993).
Washington,
DC:
US
In
the
book,
Joint
Investigations
of
Department of Justice, Office of
Justice Programs.
Child
Abuse
, ...
are capitalised
when used in text, but
not in the
References list.
N.B.
If
no
author
is
stated,
the
title
takes
the
author
Note
that
the
key
words
of
the
book
title
position.
Book - edited
In
Reference List
In Text Citation
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.).
(1997).
Intercultural
(Samover& Porter, 1997)
or
communication:
A reader
(8th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth.
Samover
and
Porter
(1997)
conclude
N.B. Include (Ed.)
or (Eds.) after their name(s). If you are
by ...
citing a chapter
within an edited book, you will need to
reference
the
contributor
as
well
as
the
editor.
For
an
example of how this is done, review the
next section,
- chapter in an edited
book
Book -
chapter in an edited book
In Reference
List
In Text Citation
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping
mature resorts for new
(Helber, 1995)
or
markets. In M.
V. Conlin& T. Baum (Eds.),
Island
tourism:
Helber (1995) concludes by ...
Management principles and practice
(pp. 105-113).
Chichester,
England: Wiley.
N.B.
The
author
and
chapter
title
come
first,
followed
by
the
editor(s) and book title. Note the
editor's initials come
before the
family name. The page numbers of the chapter are
also required.
Book - translated
In
Reference List
In Text Citation
Sartre,
J.-P.
(1962).
Imagination:
A
psychological
critique
(F.
(Sartre, 1962)
or
Williams, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan
Press.
Sartre (1962) is an example
of ...
Book - dictionary or
encyclopedia entry (with author)
In
Reference List
In Text Citation
Hwang,
E.-G.
(2002).
North
Korea:
Economic
system.
In
D.
Levinson
(Hwang, 2002)
or
& K.
Christenson (Eds.)
, Encyclopedia of
modern Asia
(Vol.
Hwang
(2002)
identifies
the
hurdles
4,
pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's
Sons.
North Korea ...
N.B.
If
there
is
a
volume
number
or
edition
(not
1st
edition)
include this in parentheses after the
title along with page
number(s).
Book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry
(no author)
In Reference List
Social constructionism. (2009). In J.
Scott & G. Marshall
from Oxford
Reference Online Premium database.
In
Text Citation
(
(Eds.),
A dictionary of sociology
(3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved
N.B. Use
capital letters for the first
letter
of
key
words
and
double
quotation
N.B. For online
dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval
marks (Publication Manual, p.
176).
statement
takes
the
place
of
publisher
location
and
name.
Note
the
editors' initials precede the family
name.
For undergraduate
students, if using a library subscription
database, give the name of the
database, as in the example
above (do
not include the database URL).
Book - thesis (except from
the U.S.) - print version
In Reference
List
In Text Citation