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Why
What
Tools
How
Additional advice & course
description
Arrangement of the textbook
Home
What to learn?
To learn and
refine your own
English
（扎实的基本功，法律语言句式复杂，长句多）
Acquire the language of law
Acquire knowledge of the basic legal
concepts
Some features of legal
language
common words with special
meaning
Old and Middle English words
Latin words and phrases
French words
Use of argot
Long sentence
WORDS
LEGAL MEANING
action
诉讼
Consideration
补偿<
/p>
/
对价
/
约因<
/p>
Counterpart
副本
executed
签名使契据生效
Hand
签字
Instrument
文件
eg. Legal instrument: legal document
(1) common words with special meaning
WORDS
LEGAL MEANING
Letters
许可证
Party
诉讼方、合同缔结方、当事人
Prayer
诉讼请求
Presents
本文件
this legal document
Said
上述的
mentioned
before
Eg. the said witness
该证人
Serve
送达
Specialty
盖印合同
sealed contract
Provide for
规定
Remedy
补救办法
(2) Old and Middle English words
If any of the terms or provisions of
this Contract shall be declared illegal or
unenforceable by any court of competent
jurisdiction,
then
the
parties
hereto
agree
to
do
all
things
and
cooperate
in
all
ways
open
to
them
to
obtain
substantially the
same result or as much thereof as may be possible,
including the amendment or alteration of these
presents
若主管法庭宣布
本合同任何条款或规定非法或无效，双方同意将尽最大努力采取一切可行措施，包括修改或
更换合同，以取得大体相同或尽可能多的效益
here words:
hereafter
（此后、
将来）
,
hereby
（籍此）
,
herein
（此中、
此处）
,
hereinafter
（在下文）
, hereof,
hereto
there words: thereby,
thereof
（因此）
,
therein
（在那里）
, thereon,
thereto, theretofore, thereupon, therewith
aforesaid
如前所述
said (used as an adjective)
Such
上述的
forthwith
立刻
thence
从那时起
, thenc
eforth
从那时起
/
其后
Where words:
whereby
（由是、因此）
,
whereof
（关于它）
witness (used in the sense of testimony
by signature, oath, etc. as
“
In witness whereof, I have
set my hand, ...
”
签
字盖章
,
特此为证
witnesseth
鉴于
(meaning to provide formal evidence of something,
the Old English present indicative, third person
singular verb form.)
(3) Latin words and phrases
alias
别名
,
化名
Alibi
不在犯罪现场的证明
/
不在犯罪现场一种辩护形式
bona fide
善意
/
真诚的
versus
(4) French words
Action
诉讼
Agreement
协议
Appeal
上诉
arrest
arson
纵火
assault
袭击
attorneys
律师
battery
殴打罪
bill
法案、议案
claim
索取
Condition
条款
contract
evidence
契约法、合同法
execution
执行
guarantee
担保物
/
抵押品
infant
未成年人
judges
judgment
审判
jurors
陪审员
justice
(5) Use of argot
The
language
of
the
law,
sometimes
even
a
particular
word,
has
a
dual
aspect.
Lawyers
use
language
that
is
intended to speak to
lawyers and laymen, as in contracts, jury
instructions, notices, and even laws.
Lawyers also use
language
that is intended to speak primarily to each other,
as in pleadings, opinions, argument and in the
day-to-day
negotiation and discussion
that is the lawyer's life.
In this aspect, a portion of the
language of the law is ARGOT, a
'professional language'. E.g.:
alleged
有嫌疑的
case
cause of action
原告的起诉原由
damages
损害赔偿
due care
应有注意
inferior court
下级法院
issue of
fact
关于事实的争论点
issue of
law
关于引用法律的争论点
pursuant to stipulation
reversed and
remanded
发回重审
superior court
高级法院
Any person who, without lawful
authority or reasonable excuse, while having
dealings of any kind with any other
public body, offers any advantage to
any public servant employed by that public body,
shall be guilty of an offence.
任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时
< br>,
无合法权限或合理理由而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供
< br>任何利益﹐即属犯罪。
●
statute
n.
制
定法，联邦、州、市或县的立法机关均可制定，专指以立法形式创设的法律。
●
legislation
立法；立法活动；制定法（总称）
●
code
：法典
n.
e.g.
《美国统一商法典》
（
Uniform
Commercial Code,
简称
UCC
）
●
civil
law
：罗马法；罗马法系；大陆法系；民法法系
●
common
law
：普通法；普通法系；判例法系
After-class assignment 1:
What are the major legal
systems in the world today?
The
difference among them?
Explain within 8 mins.
Common law
普通法
Judge-made law
法官制定的法
Precedent
判例、先例（早些时候发生的案例，其判决结果可作为现在及
将来类似案件的判决依据）
Civil law
system
大陆法
Precedent/previous
judicial
decision
is
binding
and
is
considered
as
a
source
of
law
(the
distinctive
feature
of
common-law system)
1. legislation
Parliament---
the supreme legislative authority (House of Lords;
House of Commons)
British legislation
includes: Acts of
Parliament
（议会立法）
,
subordinate or delegated
legislation
（授权立法）
, and
Community
legislation
（共同体立法）
Acts of Parliament are the supreme form
of law---the validity of which can not be
questioned by any English court
2.
Courts and tribunals
court
法庭
tribunal
裁判庭
arbitration
仲裁
exercise v.
执行、行使
Court of
Appeal
上诉法庭
Court of first instance/ Trial court
初审法庭
the supreme
court
最高法院
3. judges
Lord Chancellor (<
/p>
英国上议院的
)
大法官
< br>
the most important judge in Britain
4. hearing
hear v.
审理
adversarial
procedure
辩论式诉讼程序
adversary system
对抗制诉讼模式，
此制度允许双方当事人为了获得有利于自己的判决而进行辩论，
法官只能
就辩论的范围以第三者的姿态加以决断。其区别于大陆法系国家纠问制诉讼模式（
inquisitorial
system
）
plaintiff
原告
testimony
证词
cross-examine
交叉盘问，
<
律
>
向
(
对方证人
)
反询问
Self-reading: p264-267
5. Legal
profession
律师制度
La
wyer
可以包括律师、检查官、法官、法学教师，亦可译为“法律人”
美国的律师通常称为
attorney
英国的律师分为
barrister
和
solicitor
barrister (
英
国有资格在高等法庭作辩护的
)
专门律师
,
出庭律师，大律师
solicitor
的意思
【英】初级律师
(
法律咨询，只能在低级法庭出庭的律师
)
Barrister
一词，源自英格
兰法律，多用于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区，又称“大律师”
、
“巴律师”
、
“高级
律师”
、
“出庭律师”
、
“辩
护律师”
、
“专门律师”
，指那些能在
英国上级法院执行律师职务的律师。
Barrister
（大律师）
，一般是精通某门法律或某类案件的专家。他们不仅通过
辩护为当事人提供法律服务，而
且回答小律师们（
solici
tor
）提出的疑难问题。
此外，<
/p>
大律师经过大法官的提名，
可被授予皇家大律师
< br>（
Queen
’
s couns
el
，
也译为王室法律顾问，
简称
QC
。
）
的称号。
大律师还可被任命为高等法院法官和上诉法院法官。
由于大律师具有较高的社会地位，
所以取得大律师资格的条件很严格：第一，要受过一定的高等教育。第二，
必须参加一个
大律师组织——四大法学院
(
即林肯律师学院、格雷律师学院、
内殿律师学院和中殿律师学院
)
，
作为
该院的学生，完成学术与职业训练，参加法学院内一定的餐会次数（
Dining te
rms
）
。第三，必须提交品
格良好的
证明书。第四，法学院学习期满后，在有经验的大律师指导下，实习一年，签署入会誓言。
Solicitor
一词源自英
格兰法律，多用于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区，又称“小律师”
、
“沙律师”
、
“初级律
师”
、
“撰状律师”
、
“
诉讼律师”
，在香港称为“事务律师”
。
Solicitor
是直接受当事人委托，在下级法院及诉
讼外执行律师职务，为当事人提供多种法律服务的人。
So
licitor(
小律师
)
的活动范围
比大律师要广泛得多。他们可以担任政府、公司、银行、商店、公私团体的法律
顾问，可
以在下级法院，如治安法院、郡法院和验尸官法院执行代理和辩护职务，还可以处理非诉讼案件，
为当事人起草法律文书和解答一般法律问题。
课文中
bar
指律师。
Bar
的意思最初是指法庭上那些用来隔离普通观众区与法官、律师、当事人及法庭
官员保
留区的栅栏，现转用来指“律师界”
，是律师的总称。它
与
the
bench
（法官）相对应。
Contract Law
Basic structure
Warm-up
activity
Essential terms
术语
Putting the
terms to use
术语运用
What is contract
什么是合同
Forms of
Contracts
合同形式
Clauses of
Contracts
合同条款
Principles of the Contract
Law
合同法原则
How is a
contract formed?
合同的缔结
Warm-up: discussion
Work with your partner and list at
least 3 exchanges covered by contracts, such as
the sale of a house.
Buying a car;
leasing a car; an employment contract; taking a
vacation (the contract between you and the hotel
or
travel agent); obtaining a credit
card.
What common elements do such
exchanges have?
Two or more parties
Offer
acceptance
Essential terms
重要术语
Offer
要约：作为或不作为的许诺
Offeror
要约人：提出商品或服务要约的自然人或公司（卖方）
Offeree
受要约人：接受要约的自然人或公司（买方）
Acceptance
承诺：对要约条款和条
件的接受
Putting the
terms to use
（术语的运用）
Read the following contract form---a
bill of sale for automobiles
BILL OF
SALE
Dated:
_____, referred
to as “SELLER”, sells, bargains and conveys all of
SELLER’S rights, title and interest in:
Make:______
Model:_____
Style of the vehicle:____
Year of vehicle:_____
Vehicle Identification Number
(VIN):____
to _____,
referred
to as “BUYER”, his heirs and
assigns.
…
The parties agree to the terms and
conditions stated herein:
_____, SELLER
(signature)
_____ (typed name)
_______, BUYER (signature)
________ (typed name)
出售单
日期：——
——，即为“卖方”
，出售、议价和转让下述车辆的权利和利益：
制造：——
型号：——
款式：——
生产日期——
车辆确认号码：——
给——，即“买
方”
，及其继承人和指定人。
……
双方同意上述条款：
——，卖方（签名）
————（打印的名字）
——，买方（签名）
————（打印的名字）
What
is contract
An
agreement
establishing,
modifying
and
terminating
the
civil
rights
and
obligations
between
subjects
of
equal
footing
1. competent parties
有法定资格的主体
2. legal
subject matter
合法的标的
3.
mutuality of agreement
意思表示一致
4.
mutuality of obligation
互负责任
Competent parties
Have
appropriate civil capacity of right and civil
capacity of conduct
Have the ability to
understand and agree to the terms of the contract
Mentally competent
Minors
are often not considered “competent”.
Kiefer v. Fred Howe Motors, Inc.
A young man, technically a minor,
bought a car. However, he then decided that he
didn’t like the car and tried to take
it back to the dealer. The
deal
er wouldn’t take the car back and
refund the young man’s money so the young man
sued for rescission. The young man won,
and the dealer had to give him back his money
because a contract with a
minor isn’t
(usually) valid
Forms of
Contracts
A contract can be concluded
in written, oral, or other forms
Written forms: a written contractual
agreement, letters, telegram, telex, fax, e-mails,
etc.
If
there
is
a
written
contract
signed
together
with
one
party’s
oral
commitment
which
contains
some
t
erms
inconsistent with the written contract,
then which
（
the
written contract/ oral commitment ) should be
valid?
A video clip
“ Come
on inside, Alex, and we’ll talk about what you
want for dinner.” Can Alex insist that he be
served what he
wants for dinner based
on this “contract”?
agreeing
to talk about something is not the same thing as
making a contract
Alex
and
his
roommate
have
a
deal.
Alex pays
for
the
groceries,
and
the
roommate
cooks. Every
day
for
a
year,
Alex’s roommate has asked him what he
wanted for dinner and
then prepared
exactly that. Tonight the roommate
cooks something that Alex hates. Alex
is furious and thinks the roommate has violated
the “contract”. Do you agree?
Why?
There has been a course of dealing
established over the year
Case analysis
Clauses of Contracts
1.
title or name and domicile of the parties
2. contract object
3. quantity
4. quality
5. price or remuneration
6.
time limit, place and method of performance
7. liability for breach of contract
8. methods to settle disputes
Principles of the Contract Law
Principle of Equality
Principle of V
oluntariness
Principle of Good Faith
Principle of Abiding by the Laws and
Regulations, Observing Social Ethics and the
Socioeconomic Order
How is a contract
formed?
Offer
+
acceptance = bona fide contract.
An
offer
–
a definite promise
or proposal made by the offeror to the offeree
with the intention to be bound by such
promise or proposal without further
negotiation.
It’s contents
should be detailed and definite.
e.g. “I give you $$100 for [your] not
suing me.“
e.g. “I will not
sue you if you repay me $$100.”
The terms of an valid offer must be
clear and definite
The more specific
the terms of any document are, the more likely one
could claim that an offer was made.
A
valid offer must be directed to the specifically
identified offeree ---- should not be vague or
ambiguous
eg. In many cases,
advertisements are not offers but are simply
devices to begin negotiations because there
is no
definite
offeree.
The people who read the ad
often become the offerors when
they “
offer” to buy whatever the ad is
selling.
When the buyer
contacts the seller, both parties are finally
clearly identified.
Offer must be
distinguished from “invitation to
offer”/”invitation to treat”
The step before acceptance
is an offer.
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