-
Government and
Administration
英国政府机构
The United Kingdom is a constitutional
monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen.
The
United Kingdom is governed, in the
name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s
Government.
The System of
parliamentary government is not based on a written
constitution, the British
constitution
is not set out in any single document. It is made
up of statute law, common law and
conventions. The Judiciary determines
common law and interprets statutes.
联合王
国是君主立宪制国家
,
国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君
的名义
,
由国王或女王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法
,
英国宪法不由单一文件构
成
,
而由成文法
,
习惯法和惯例组成。司法部
门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。
Constitutional monarchy
君主立宪制
The British
monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It
means the monarchy’s power
s are
limited by law and Parliament. The
monarchy actually has no real power.
Constitutional
monarchy began after the
Glorious Revolution in 1688.
英国的君主体制是以君主
立宪闻名的。君主
政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从
1688
年的光荣革命后开始。
I
．
The
Monarchy
君主制
eth
II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth
the Second, by the Grac
e of God of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and
Territories,
Queen, Head of the
Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
伊莉
莎白二世，
她的全称是
“
伊莉莎白二世
承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的上
帝之恩典，女王，英联邦
元首，共同信仰的保护者。
”
Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law,
She is head of the executive, an integral
part of the legislature, head of the
judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed
forces
and the “supreme governor” of
the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to
Bills
passed by
parliament.
女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法首脑，全国
武装部队总司令，
英国国教
“
至高无上
”
的领袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官员。对议会通过的法案给
予御准。
II
．
Parliament
议会
United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state.
Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the
House of Lords and the House of
Commons.
英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下
议院组成。
main functions of
Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide,
by voting for taxation,
the means of
carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine
government Policy and
administrations,
including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to
debate the major issues of the
day.
议会的主要作用是：（
1
）通过立法；（
2
）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；（
3
）检查政府政策和行政
管理，包括拨款提议；
< br>
3. The House of Lords
上院
The House of
Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the
Lords Temporal. The Lords
Spiritual are
the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 24
senior bishops of the Church of
England. The Lords Temporal consist of
1) all hereditary peers and peeresses of England,
Scotland, Great Britain and the United
Kingdom(but not peers of Ireland);2)life peers
created to
assist the House in its
judicial duties;3)all other life peers. The main
function of the House of
Lords is to
bring the wide experience of its members into the
process of law-making. The
person who
presides over the debate of the Upper House is
known as Lord Chancellor.
上院由神
职人员和世俗议员组成。神职包括坎特伯雷和约克大主教及
24
名高级主教。世俗议员包括
1
）所有英，
苏，大不列颠及联合王国的世袭贵族，女贵族（但不包括爱尔兰）；
2
）协助议院司法工作的终身贵族；
3
）
其他终身贵族。上院的主要作用就是集中议员集体经验智慧制定法律。
4. The House of Commons
下院
The House of Commons is elected by
universal adult suffrage and consists of 651
Members of
Parliament (MPs).It is in
the House of Commons that the ultimate authority
for law-making
resides. The chairman
who conducts debates in the Lower House is
officially called Speaker.
下
院
议员由成人普选产生，共有
651
名议员。最高立法权掌握在下
院手中。
5.
Parliamentary Electoral
System
议会选举制
1) A General Election must be held
every five years and is often held at more
frequent intervals.
British citizens,
together with citizens of other Commonwealth
countries and citizens of the Irish
Republic resident in Britain, may vote
provided they are 1)aged 18 or over,2)included in
the
annual register of electors for the
constituency, and 3)not subject to any
disqualification. A
candidate must
deposit 500 pound.
大选每
5
年一次，且经常不足
5
年就举行。英国公民包括其他
英联
邦国家公民和爱尔兰共和国在英国的居民都有选举权。选举条件
1
）
18
或
18
以上，
2
）选区全体选民的
每年选民登记册上登记注册者
3
）有资格参选者。候选人必须交纳
500
英镑保
证金。
2) Britain is divided
651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies
returns one member to
the House of
Commons. A general Election must be held every
five years and is often held at
more
frequent intervals.
英国被划分为
65
1
个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不到五年就
进行一次选举。
3) Britain has a number of
parties, but there are only two major parties.
These two parties
are the Conservative
Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the
Conservative Party or the
Labour
Party
has
held
power.
The
party
which
wins
sufficient
seats
at
a
General
Election
commands
a
majority
of
Government.
The
leader
of
the
majority
party
is
appointed
Prime
Minister.
The
party
which
wins
the
second
largest
number
of
seats
becomes
the
Official
Opposition, with
its own leader and
help the
formulation of policy, Criticizes the
Government and debates with the Government.
英国有很多政党，
但有两个主要的政党
-
保守党和工党。从
1945
年以来，
两党一直轮流执政，
在大选
中获多数议席因而在下议
院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府，多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。获得第二多
数议席的
政党则正式成为
反对党
，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经
常给政府
提出批评性的建议和修正议案。
Cabinet and Ministry
内阁和内阁部长
1.
The
Prime
Minister
presides
over
the
Cabinet,
is
responsible
for
the
allocation
of
functions among ministers and informs
the Queen at regular meetings of general business
of
the Government. Cabinet members hold
meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime
Minister
for a few hours each week to
decide Government policy on major issues.
< br>首相主持内阁，
负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。
内阁在
首相的主持
< br>下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。
2. Ministers
are responsible collectively to Parliament for all
Cabinet decisions; individual
Ministers
are responsible to Parliament for the work of
their department.
内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，各大臣
又为各自部门的工作向议会负责。
IV
．
The Privy
Council
枢密院