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第三章
英国政府与政治制度
Government and
Administration
英国政府机构
The United
Kingdom is a constitutional
monarchy
，
the
head of state is a king or
a queen. The
United Kingdom is governed
，
in the name of the Sovereign by His or
Her Majesty?s Go
vernment.
The System of parliamentary government is not
based on
a written
constitution
，
the
British constitution is not set out in any single
document.
It is made up of statute
law
，
common law
and conventions. The Judiciary determines
common law and interprets statutes.
联合王国是君主立宪制国家，国家的首脑是国王或女王
。联合王国以君的名
义，
由国王或女王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法，
英国宪
法
不由单一文件构成，
而由成文法，
习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或
解释成文法。
Part I. The
Monarchy
君主制
1.
Elizabeth
Ⅰ
, 1558
年至
< br>1603
年任英格兰王国和爱尔兰女王，
是都铎王朝的第
五位也是最后一位君主。
她即位时不但成功地保持了英格兰的统
一，
而且在经过
近半个世纪的统治后，
使英格兰成为欧洲最强大的国家之一。
英格兰文化也在此
期间达
到了一个顶峰，涌现出了诸如莎士比亚、弗朗西斯
·
培根这样的
著名人物。
英国在北美的殖民地亦在此期间开始确立。在英国历史上在位时被称为
“
伊丽莎
白时期
”
，亦称为
“
黄金时代
”
。
伊丽莎白是
亨利八世
和他的第二个王后
安妮
·
博
林
唯一幸存的孩子。
她出生时被指定为
王位继承人，
她的同父异母的姐姐玛丽成
为她的服侍者。
伊丽莎白三岁时，
她的母亲被判叛逆罪处死，
一年后亨利八世和
他的第三个王后就生了一个男孩：
爱德华。<
/p>
伊丽莎白和玛丽都成了爱德华的佣人。
伊丽莎白受到很好的教育，她受到古典、历史、数学、诗歌和语言的教育。在她
统治期间她可以说和写六种语言：
英语
、
法语
、
意大利语
、<
/p>
西班牙语
、
拉丁语
和
希腊语
。
在她兄弟生前，
她的地位比较稳定，
但爱德华１５５３年就因肺结核或
< br>砒霜中毒而去世了。
后来马丽一世继位，
１５５８年玛丽
无子而亡，
伊丽莎白成
1
了她的合法继承人。
英国国会重申了亨利八世国王规定伊丽莎白作为继承
人的安
排。
What was Elizabethan age and what were
the characteristics of the Elizabethan age?
?
Elizabethan age
refer to the period during the reign of Elizabeth
Ⅰ
in British
history. Most people associate the
Elizabethan age with two things. The first is
literature, especially the literature
of Shakespeare. The second is adventure on
the sea.
?
This period in literature is called
?
the renaissance
?
（文艺复兴）
, William
Shakespeare(1564-1616) is the greatest
of all English authors, his works are a
great landmark in the history of world
literature. He produced 37 plays, 2
narrative
poems(
叙事诗
) and 154
sonnets
（十四行诗）
.
2. Elizabeth
II
，
her title in
the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the
Second
，
by the
Grace of God of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland and
Her Other Realms and
Territories
，
Queen
，
Head of the
Commonwealth
，
Defender of the Faith.
伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是
“
上帝神佑，大
布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她
的其他领土和领地的女王，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊
莉莎白二世。
”
3. The Queen is the symbol
of the whole nation. In
law
，
She is head of the
executive
，
an
integral part of the
legislature
，
head
of the judiciary
，
the
commander-in-
chief of all
the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the
Church of England. She gives Royal
Assent to Bills passed by parliament.
女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法
首脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国国教
“
至高无上
”
的领袖。她任命首相和重要的
政府官
员。对议会通过的法案给予御准。
4.
The monarch actually has
no real power. The monarch?s power are limited by
law
and Parliament. Constitutional
monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in
1688.
2
君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从
16
88
年的光荣革命后开始。
Part II.
Parliament
议会
I.
The origins
of the English
Parliament
英国议会的起源
The Great Council is
known to be the prototype of the current British
Parliament.
In
1265
，
Simon de
Montfort summoned the Great
Council
，
together
with two
knights from each county and
two citizens from each town. It later developed
into the
House of Lords and the House
of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice.
There
were no elections or parties. And
the most important part of Parliament was the
House
of Lords.
大议会是当今英国议会的原型。
1265
年，西门德孟福尔召
开大议会，各县有两
名骑士，
各镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演变成议会，
分为上议院和下
议
院。
其作用是咨询而非决定；
也没有选举和政党。
议会的最重要的部分是上议
院。
2. The United Kingdom is a
unitary
，
not a
federal
，
state.
Parliament consists of the
Sovereign
，
the House of Lords and the House of
Commons.
英国是中央集权国家，
而不是联邦制国家。
议会由君主，
上议院和下议院组成
。
3. The main
functions of Parliament are
：
（
1
）
to pass laws
；
（
2
）
to provide
，
by voting for
taxation
，
the
means of carrying on the work of
government
；
（
3
）
to examine government Policy and
administrations
，
including proposal for
expenditure
；
and
（
4
）
to debate the major issues of the day.
议会的主要作用是：（
1
）通过立法；（
2
）投票批准税为政府工作
提供资金；
（
3
）检查政府
政策
和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（
4
）当天的议题辩论。
4. The House of Lords is made up of the
Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The
main function of the House of Lords is
to bring the wide experience of its members
3
into the
process of lawmaking. In other
words
，
the non-
elected House is to act as a
chamber of
revision
，
complementing but not rivaling the
elect House.
贵族院（上议院）由神职
贵族和世俗贵族组成。它的主要作用是用议员的丰
富经验帮助立法。换而言之，非选举的
上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由
选举产生的下议院。
5. The House of Common is
elected by universal adult suffrage and consists
of
651 Members of Parliament
（
MPs
）。
It is in the House of Commons that the
ultimate authority.
下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由
651
名议
员组成。下议院拥有最终立法
权。
6. Britain is divided 651
constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns
one
member to the House of Commons. A
general Election must be held every five
years and is often held at more
frequent intervals.
英国被划
分为
651
个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年
举行
一次，但经常不到五年就进行一次选举。
7. Whigs and
Tories
辉格党人和托利党人
These two party names originated with the Glorious
Revolution
（
1688
）
。
这两个政党名称皆起源于
1688
年的光荣革命。
The
Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and
supported the right to
religious
freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form
a coalition with
dissident Tories in
the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.
辉格
党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人
在
19
世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。
The Tories
were those who supported hereditary monarchy and
were reluctant to
remove kings. The
Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative
Party.
托利党人是指
那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前
身。
4
8. Britain has a number of
parties
，
but
there are only two major parties. These two
parties are the Conservative Party and
the Labour Party. Since
1945
，
either the
Conservative Party or the Labour Party
has held power. The party which wins
sufficient seats at a General Election
to command a majority of Government. The
leader of the majority party is
appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the
second largest number of seats becomes
the Official Opposition
，
with its own
leader and
“shadow cabinet ”
。
The rule of Opposition is to help the
formulation of
policy. Criticizes the
Government and debate with the Government.
英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党
—
保守党和工党。从
1945
年以来，两
党一直轮流执政，
在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院
拥有多数支持者的政党组
建政府，
多数党领袖由君主任命为首相
。
获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为
“
反对党
”
，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制
定政策，它可以
经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。
Part III. The Cabinet and
Ministry
内阁和内阁部长
1. The Prime Minister presides over the
Cabinet
，
is
responsible for the allocation
of
functions among ministers and informs the Queen at
regular meetings of general
business of
the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings
under the chairmanship
of the Prime
Minister for a few hours each week to decide
Government policy on
major issues.
首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时
向女王报告政府事
务。
内阁在
首相的主持下，
每周开会几小时，
以决定在重
大问题上政府的政策。
2. Ministers are responsible
collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet
decisions
；
individual Ministers are responsible to
Parliament for the work of their department.
内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，
各大臣又为各自部门的工作向议会负
责。
一
. The Privy
Council
枢密院
5
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