-
▲
关系词的意义及作用
定语从句是中学阶段英语语法中十分重要的一个语法项目。它在句子中出现的频率很高。对正确理解句子的意义
起着举足轻重的作用。
定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面，所以如果在名词或代词后面出
现一个从句，根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否
是定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做
“
先行词
”
。引导定语从句的词叫
< br>“
关系词
”
。关系词有两个作用
：
一、引导定语从句。
二、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
理解和牢记这两条概念，弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句的关键
。
▲
关系词的选用与判断
在前一节中我们讲到正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。
关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句
中所充当的什么成
分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
说
明
that
人
/
物
人
/
物
√
×
√
不能用于非限定性从句
which
物
物
×
×
√
who
人
×
×
×
×
whom
×
人
×
×
×
whose
×
×
×
人
/
物
×
when ×
×
×
×
√
where
×
×
×
×
√
why ×
×
×
×
√
as
主要用于非限制性的定语从句和
such…as, the
same…as, as…as,
结构中。
▲
关系词的选用
1.
先行词为
all,everything,nothi
ng
等不定代词，代替物时，定语从句
that
用引导。
注：
something
后一般用
< br>which
。
Is there anything that you
want to explain?
In 1898 they declared that they
believed there was something in nature which gave
out radiation.
2.
先行词前有形容词最高级
、序数词或
only,very,none,no,little,few,much<
/p>
等修饰时定语从句用
that
引导。
This
is the only reason that I can say.
This is the first step that
can be taken.
It is the best one that you may choose.
后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：
< br>
a.
在比较正式的文体中用
in
which
；
b.
一般情况下用
that
which
和
that
省去。
a. I was struck
by the beauty of the way in which she stood.
It
was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from
the way in which these words were said.
b. Lincoln
asked the people to think of slavery in the way
that these men did.
Mary,there is one way that
you could stop others talking about you and
criticizing you.
c. That's the way I looked at it.
The
assistant who served her did not like the way she
was dressed.
4.
先行词是表示地点的名词时（
country,school,room…
），而关系词代替
先行词在定语从句中充当地点状
语
，一般用
where
引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋
which
的结构。值得注意的是
which
前介词的选择是根据
先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
The room where(=in which)he
used to live has now been turned into a museum.
The desk
where(=on which)I put my bag is his.
This is the school
where(=in which)I joined the Party.
□
定语从句（二）
▲
关系词的选用与判断（续）
5.
先行词是表示时间的名词（
year,m
onth,day,night…
），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，
一般用
when
引导定语从句。
也可以
用介词＋
which
的结构。值得注意的是
which
前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
在掌握第
< br>4
、第
5
条时应特别注意：介词
的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。
①那就是他工作的大学。
┏
at which he
works.
┣
which he works at.
That is the college
┣
where he works.
┣
that he works
at.
┗
he
works at.
②它出生的
那一天是
1952
年
8
月
20
日。
┏
on which he was born
┣
which he was born on
The day
┣
when he was
born was
Aug.20,1952.
┣
that he was born on
┗
he
was born on
6.
除了第
4
、第
5
条中
when
，
where
可以用介词
＋关系词这种用法外。还有其他情况也可以用这种结构。即：
介词＋
which
。或介词＋
who
m
。请看下面例句：
This is the classmate with
whom I'll go to the cinema.
The subject in which I'm
most interested is English.
We can see the method by
which the computer works.
在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用时受到
一定限制的，仍然根据先行词与介词的搭
配关系而定。
三、关
于
as
引导定语从句的问题
as
引导
定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和
the same…as
，
such…as
，
as…as
的结构中。
<
/p>
与
which
都
可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。
He married the
girl
，
as(which)was natural.
He seemed a
freigner,as(which)in fact he was.
不同的是：
as
引导的定语从句可以前置，而
which
不行。
As was natural,
he married the girl.
2.
在
the same…as,su
ch…as,as…as
结构中，
same,such,as<
/p>
之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。
We are facing the same
problems as we did years ago.
Some people have no doubt
that their cat understands as many words as a dog
does.
We hope
to get such a tool as he is using.
这三种结构也可以用
which
改写。但要去
掉这种结构，不能直接用
which
代替
as
。以上三句分别可以改写成：
We are facing the problems
which we faced years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their
cat understands the words which a dog understands.
We hope to get
the tool which he is using.
same…as
与
the same…that
引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的
东西。是比较：
This is the same watch as I lost.
这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）
This is the
same watch that I lost.
这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）
●
注意事项：
1.
一般说来，除了用定语从句解释
名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词
the
。
< br>
2.
在限制性定语从句中
which,
whom, that
充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中
whom, who, which
不能省略。
3.
在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用
逗号隔开。
4.
定语从句与同位语从
句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词
that
是否在从句中充当
句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从
句。再看
that
前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：
idea
, fact, thought, news
等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个
名词在后面
的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。
He expressed
the hope that he has had for many years.
hope
在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明
hope
的内
容的，因此时同位语从句。
reason
why(=for which)
是由
why
< br>或
for
which
引导的定语从句。而
the reason tha
t
也是
that
引导的定语从句。
that
往往省略。
This is the
reason why he was late.
=This is the reason (that)he was late.
6.
当主句中有
who, which
时，
而定语从句中也要用到
who
或
which
时，
为了避免
who…who, which…which
等重叠，
定语从句用
that
引导。
Who is
the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that
you keep produces more milk?
7.
< br>先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用
that
引导
。
John and his dog that were here a
moment ago disappear now.
8.
不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用
that
引导定语从句，
而
that
通常省掉。
He is no longer
the man that he was.
9.“one of
＋可数名词复数
”
引导的定语从句中
,
谓语动词应用复数；而
“one of
＋可数名词复数
”
前有
the
，
only
或
th
e only
修饰，定语从句中
的谓语动词用单数。
He is
one of the students who study very hard at school.
He is
the(only/the only) one of the students who studies
very hard at school.
▲What
与高考
一
.
用作连接代词，引导名词性从句。
1
．
引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，宾语或表语。
[
高考考例
]1. ______
made the school proud was _____ more than 90%
of the students had been admitted to
key universities.
[2003
上海春季
高考
33]
A. What; because
B.
What; that
C. That; what
D. That;
became
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
B
。
What
< br>引导主语从句，在从句中作主语；
that
引导表语从句
，在表语从句中起连接作用。
[
高考考例
]2. _______
she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and
fewer students showed interest in her
lessons.
[2000
上海高考
27]
A. What; why
B. That; what
C. What;
because
D. Why; that
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
A.
主语从句
she couldn’t understand
缺少宾语，要
用
what
引导。
表语从句
fewer and
fewer students showed interest in her
lessons
是一个完整的句子，要用
why
引导
。译文：为什么越来越少
的学生对她的课感兴趣。故选
A. <
/p>
[
注
]
：有时为
了保持句子平衡，常用
it
作形式主语，放句首，用
what
连接的主语从句作真正主语放句末。
[
高考考例
]’s
prett
y well understood _____ controls
the flow of
carbon dioxidein and out
the atmosphere today.
A. that
b. when
C. what
D. how
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
C. What
引导主语从句，
what
在从句中作主语。
2.
引导表语从句，在从句中充当主语
/
表语
/
宾语。
[
高考考例
]4.
---
Are you still thinking about
yesterday’s game?
---
O
h, that’s _________.
[2003
北京春季高考
25]
A. what makes me feel
excited
B. whatever I feel excited
about
C. how
I feel about
it
D. when I feel excited
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
A.
此题考查
what
引导表语从句，在表语从句中作
主语。
[
高考考例
]5.
Perseverance is a kind of quality _____
and that’s ______ it
takes
to do anything well.
[2002
上海高考
40]
A. what
B.
that
C. which
D. why
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
A.
这是一个表语从句，
what
在表语从句中作
他
可是的宾语。构成
It takes
sth to do sth
的句型。译文：坚定不移是一
种
品质
---
坚定不移使人们做好任何事情。
3.
引导宾语从句，在从句中充当主语宾语或表语。
[
高考考例
] have heard
what the president has said; they are
waiting to see ____ he will do.
[2003
安徽春季高考
24]
A. how
B. what
C. when
D. that
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
B.
此题考查
what
引导
的宾语从句，
在从句中作
do
的宾语。
排除
A/C/D
故选
B.
[
高考考例
]7. When you
answer questions in a job interview, please
remember the golden rule. Always give
the monkey ______ he
wants.
[2002
上海
38]
A. what
B.
which
C. when
D. that
[
思路点拨
]
答案
为
A.
这是一个宾语从句，
want
s
后面缺少宾语，
所以
要填写
what
。译文：当你在找工作面试回答问题时，请记住这条黄
金定律：永远给予对方确定想要的东西。
[
高考考例
]8. A
computer can only do ______ you have introduced it
to
do.
A. how
B. after
C. what
D. when
[2001NMET
31]
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
C.
这是宾语从句，
宾语从句中
to do
缺少宾语，
所
以要选择
what.
又如：
1. Little Tom
was reluctant to tell the school master what he
had
done the day before.
[2001
上海春季
31]
2. --- I think it is going to be a big
problem.
--- Yes, it could be.
--- I wonder _____ we can do about it.
[2002
春季
28]
A. if
B. how
C. what
D. that
[
思路点拨
]
答案为
C.
考查宾语从句。
二<
/p>
.
用于感叹句中表示一种惊讶。
[
高考考例
]9. ______
role she played in the film! No wonder she has won
an Oscar.
A. How interesting
B. How an interesting
C.
What interesting
D. What
an interesting
[
思路点拨
< br>]
答案为
D.
此题考查
what
用于感叹句中表示惊讶。
又如：
(1) What a long way it is
from Beijing to London!
[MET1989]
(2) What fine weather we are having
today!
[MET1983]
(3) Oh, John. What a pleasant surprise
you gave us! [MET1990]
三
.what
在强调数量少时与
little/ few
< br>连用。意为
“
尽管．．．很少也
都，尽管一点点．．．也都
”
。
[
高考考例
]10. The
home improvements have taken what little there is
____ my spare time.