-
文献出处：
Marquardt. Environmental
satisfaction with open-plan office design and
layout. Institute for Research in
Construction, 201
5:
267-284.
原文
Environmental satisfaction with open-
plan office design and layout
Marquardt
Abstract
Purpose
- understand the physical
environment
of open office for office employees'
satisfaction
with
the
environment
of
psychological
quality
present
situation,
and
discusses how to construct the
humanized office physical environment.
Methods
-
compiled
by
the
office
physical
environmental
satisfaction
questionnaire
and
environmental
psychology
quality
questionnaire,
physical
environment
satisfaction
including
13
elements
such
as
lighting,
sound,
office
facilities,
office
environment induces four dimensions:
psychological quality comfort feeling, sense of
belonging, a sense of security,
privacy, and field.
Results
-
employees
for
the
physical
environment
in
middle
rdi
level
of
overall
satisfaction.
To
sound,
office
number,
greening,
office
setting
for
colleagues
communication convenient degree of
satisfaction is low, and the tables and chairs of
comfort,
safety
facilities,
office
facilities
satisfaction
is
higher.
The
overall
environment of the
staff psychological quality in middle rids level;
including comfort,
sense of belonging
and the feeling of privacy and field level is low,
high security level.
Physical
environmental satisfaction and environmental
psychological quality.
Conclusions
-
weissman
theoretical
hypothesis,
from
the
Angle
of
environmental
psychology design humanized office
physical environment.
Keywords:
environmental psychology; Office space; Open
feeling
Introduction
With
the
development
of
the
society,
the
progress
of
science
and
technology,
market
competition is intense, sharp development of high-
rise office building, office
is
more
and
more
become
the
center
of
the
modern
life,
office
space
environment
quality
had
a
great
influence
on
consumer
sentiment
and
mood.
Humanity,
life
of
office
space
allows
employees
to
adjust
their
own
physical
and
mental
balance,
to
experience the fun of
life at
work; Office space with the
characteristic of enterprise
can
make
employees
proud
and
confident,
conducive
to
good
interpersonal
and
communication;
Information
exchange
office
space
can
produce
has
new
creative
team for the enterprise. In the era of
knowledge to create wealth, whether it is a wise
business leader, or as an interior
designer should be aware of the importance of
office
space design. And at present the
design of office space, but I did not get the
attention
they deserve most of the
traditional office environment lack of human
physiological
and psychological need to
consider.
From
the
perspective
of
the
environmental
psychology,
the
ideal
working
environment should be both function and
social area, at the same time in the meet the
needs
of
work
and
to
take
into
account
personnel
multiple
psychological
demand
within the office environment. To meet
all this we must understand the environment
psychology and interior design office.
The definition of open-plan offices
As the '50 s movement of
interpersonal relationships, more open
communication
between
employees
and
supervisors
encouraged.
Workflow
(workflow)
principle,
namely the
workstation arrangement to ensure the paperwork or
products for mobile,
promote
vigorously
reform
office
space.
Industrial
production
and
the
rapid
development
of
science
and
technology,
social
competition
is
increasingly
fierce,
make each enterprise at home and abroad
to pursue flexible office layout, they hope to
have
the
advanced
office
equipment
installation
time
in
office
space,
or
may
be
adjusted at any time according to the
change of the enterprise. At the same time the
rapid development of the urban high-
rise also create conditions for the realization of
the
open-plan
offices.
In
this
context,
open-plan
offices
also
arises
at
the
historic
moment. Open-plan
offices (open plan office), also known as
TingYuanShi office this
concept
originated in Germany schneier brothers and their
Quiekborner consultancy
team
(sundstrom,
1986),
the
late
'50
s
and
Germany
took
the
o
in
the
United
States, in 1967, held the first global forum of
the open-plan offices, since this
office arrangement was popular in the
world.
Whether high-rise office
buildings or function in a wide range of
comprehensive
building,
or
remodeling
an
old
house
renovation,
open-plan
offices
can
be
applied,
meanwhile,
meet
all
kinds
of
function
that
currently
known
and
possible
-plan
offices
often
give
active,
fully,
efficient
and
free
of
visual
impression. Research indicated that,
everyone's work efficiency can be multiplied in
the
group,
open
office
to
improve
the
production
efficiency
in
the
present
is
most
appropriate.
Open-plan
offices
abandoned
the
conservative
way
of
working
and
the
construction
pattern
make
the
staff
at
the
same
time
of
have
a
large
number
of
convenient
communications,
noise
interference.
Experts
according
to
the
survey,
mistakes
and
errors
in
the
accounting
personnel
to
work
for
the
typist
are
largely
affected by typewriter and computer
noise.
Its sound and smell,
the lack of privacy
problem
is
particularly
serious,
be
open
office
is
of
vital
importance
to
the
environmental impact factors.
Literature Review
Peter
Crouch (Crouch et al., 1989, asked to work in the
office of 56 managers
find out which
factors can promote the task operation, what
factors will hinder task
operation.
The
results
show
that
the
suitable
space,
light
and
other
factors
are
important
factors
in
promoting,
and
are
often
interfere
with
room
structure
such
as
conversation overheard the same office
others to interfere with the task.
Sir
Alex Ferguson (Fergnson) in 1986, the study
results show that job satisfaction
has
obvious associated with the physical environment
of work. The role of physical
environment on the job satisfaction is
mainly hygiene factors. When the staff of the
physical environment of the workplace
is not satisfied, such as temperature, humidity,
noise, security, their job satisfaction
is greatly reduced. When the hygiene factors are
met in the physical environment,
although can't guarantee they will be satisfied,
but at
least
they
won't
produce
dissatisfaction.
From
this
point
of
view,
inappropriate
workplace,
can
lead
to
not
satisfied.
Appropriate
workplace,
though
not
enough
to
lead to a high level of job
satisfaction, but at least they won't produce.
Walker hart, popular science,
(V
ollker Hartkopf), led the team
in
the Future of
office
design
(Designing
the
office
of
the
Future)
book,
think
about
the
Future
of
office
building, in addition to high technology products
to the building, should also be
stressed to create a good physical and
psychological environment, organization form,
in
order
to
improve
the
employee's
work
speed,
comprehension,
communication
ability
and
creation
ability.
The
existent
environment
design
influence
on
job
satisfaction
to
prove:
the
work
environment
and
job
performance
are
very
complex
variables, only a small positive
correlation between them (Riggio, 2000).In
general,
on
the
job
satisfaction,
despite
the
physical
environment
less
important
than
job
security, wages and friendly
colleagues, but
employees do physical
condition, as an
important
factor
of
job
satisfaction
(Crouch
Nimran,
1989).A
very
influential
in
industrial psychology and
management theory, points out that although a
satisfactory
working
environment
does
not
substantially
increase
the
job
satisfaction,
but
lower
than
the
standard
environment
will
certainly
result
in
dissatisfied
(Herzberg,
1966;
Herzberg, Mausner
Snyder man, 1959).
Weisman
(release)
that
if
employees
have
higher
satisfaction
to
office
environment,
seem
to
be
able
to
produce
high
comfort
and
belonging.
At
the
same
time, he also suggests
that employees work in a pleasant quality office
environment,
its
value
will
significantly
increase,
and
produce
less
turnover
rate.
For
this
phenomenon, has yet to be further
discussed in theory.
The realization of
the sense of open space
In terms of
building environment psychology, the current study
of architectural
space to pursue close
feeling open and two kinds of thoughts. These two
trends is the
unity
of
opposites,
their
common
goal
is
to
pursue
the
most
suitable
for
user's
architectural space
environment. For most of the design and use of
office space, the
pursuit
of
open
the
design
thought
of
feeling
is
objective
and
reasonable.
The
so-called open feeling is gained by the
people through visual space feeling, namely,
visual
volume
feeling
of
the
space.
The
scale
of
the
open
feeling
is
starting
from
scratch,
of
every
space
to
a
certain
size,
maximum
reach
a
certain
scale,
and
open
feeling
is just a relative concept scale.
Color
and material quality affects not only feel
comfortable or not, at the same
time
also to open play a role. In addition to changes
in temperature in the middle of
the
color
effect,
but
also
has
the
weight,
far
and
near
(backward,
approximation),
expansion
effect. On the texture, generally rough surface
and Detailing composition
has
close
to
feeling;
and
fine
surface,
fine
composition
has
backward
effect.
Low
intensity
of
illumination
are
appropriate,
intensity
of
illumination,
of
course,
will
affect
the
open
feeling,
but
the
intensity
of
illumination
is
strong,
not
only
visual
discomfort,
and
me
tope
light
can
produce
close
to
move
instead,
accordingly
will
narrow
opening.
The
location
and
form
will
affect
the
space
effect
of
lamps
and
lanterns, wall lamp, dome light
generally has the sense of opening wider to the
outside,
and desk lamp, lamp, droplight
has shrinkage depression. In addition, the room of
the
flat form can also affect the
effect of open, usually rectangular room window
open at
the edge of the short edge me
tope than open in long wall, its open to a few
bigger. As
long as good at all and to
use the physical stimulation and psychological
reaction, can
obtain both open and
beautiful and comfortable office space.
The optimization of open office
environment
Good office space physical
environment is the foundation of the people to
work,
the office environment should
respect people physiological and psychological
needs
make
the
office
staff
realizes
casual
and
comfortable
in
the
busy
work
every
day.
Overall
satisfaction
with
the
physical
environment
is
affect
the
environment
of
psychological quality in the comfort of
the office staff, the sense of belonging, privacy
and field are the main factors. Through
to the construction of human physical office
environment, therefore, to improve the
staff's comfortableness, sense of belonging and
the feeling of illicit close sex and
area, and thus improve the psychological quality,
environment,
in
turn,
improve
the
quality
of
office
of
employees,
from
the
overall
improve
office
employees
job
satisfaction
will
be
the
main
direction
of
the
future
office environment
construction.
Need
a
good
delighting
environment
of
office
space,
the
unity
of
the
modern
office space is often
integrated with low illumination lighting and
matches the high
intensity
of
illumination
of
local
lighting,
in
the
form
of
combination
of
direct
and