-
第
1
章
一．
1. Fill in the
blanks
(1) Arbitrariness of language
makes it potentially creative, and conventionality
of language makes
learning
a
language
laborious.
For
learners
of
a
foreign
language,
it
is
this feature
of
language
that is more worth
noticing than its arbitrariness. (
大连外院<
/p>
2008
）
(2)
Human
language
is
arbitrary.
This
refers
to
the
fact
that
there
is
no
logical
or
intrinsic
connection between a particular sound
and the meaning it is associated with. (
人大
2007
）
(3) The features that define our human
language can be called __design____ features.
（北二外
2006
< br>）
(4) human languages
enable their users to symbolize objects, events
and concepts which are not
present at
the moment of communication. This quality is
labeled as ____displacement________ .
（北
二外
2006
）
(5)
Halliday
proposes
a
theory
of
metafunctions
of
language,
that
is,
language
has
________ideational__, interpersonal and
textual functions.
（中山大学
2008
）
(6) Our
language can be used to talk about itself. This is
the ____metalingual_______ function of
language.
（中山大学
20
05
）
(7)
when
language
is
used
for
establishing
an
atmosphere
or
maintaining
social
contact
rather
than exchanging information or ideas,
its function is __phatic_____ function. (
北二外
2005
）
(8) linguistics is usually defined as
the ___scientific_____ study of language.
（北二外
2003
< br>）
(9)
__pragmatics________ can be defined as the study
of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the
other hand, attempts to show the
relationship between language and society.
(10)
___Descriptive________
grammars
attempt
to
tell
what
is
in
the
language,
while
_______prescriptive_____grammars
tell
people
what
should
be
in
the
language.
Most
contemporary
linguists
believe
that
whatever
occurs
naturally
in
the
language
should
be
described. (
人大
200
6
）
(11)
Chomsky
initiated
the
distinction
between
_____competence_______
and
performances.
（北二外
2007
）
（
12)
The
description
of
a
language
as
it
changes
through
time
is
a
_______Diachronic
Linguistic___________ study.
3. Short answer questions
(1)
briefly
explain
what
phonetics
and
phonology
are
concerned
with
and
what
kind
of
relationships hold
between the two.
（北外
2002
）
(2) why
do people take duality as one of the important
design features of human language? Can
you tell us what language will be if it
has no such design feature?
（南开
< br>2004
）
(2)Duality makes language productive. A
large number of different units can be formed out
of a
small
number
of
elements(Sounds-words,
words-sentences).
Most
animal
communication
systems do not have this design feature
of human language.
If
language
had
no
such
design
feature,
then
it
would
be
like
animal
communicational
system
which consists of
only a number of basic sounds and this would be
highly limited. Then we would
not be
able to produce a very large number of sound
combinations, which are distinct in meaning.
In
other
words,
the
number
of
messages
one
can
send
would
be
restricted
to
the
number
of
basic
sounds.
第
2
章
Ⅲ
. Explain the following
terms
Assimilation
（南大，武大，上大）
2. Distinctive features of speech
sounds
（中山，北师，北交大，浙江大学）
3. Syllable
（川大）
4. Cardinal
vowel
（川大，大连外院）
2.
The
distinctive
feature
is
a
property
which
distinguishes
one
phoneme
from
another.
For
example,
“voicing”
is
a
distinctive
feature,
since
it
plays
an
important
role
in
distinguishing
obstruents in
English.
4.
The
cardinal
vowels
are
a
set
vowel
qualities
arbitrarily
defined,
fixed
and
unchanging,
intended
to
provide
a
frame
of
reference
for
the
description
of
the
actual
vowels
of
existing
languages.
5. Minimal pairs
（武大，浙大，川大，?
)
6.
Coarticulation
（武大，川大，南大）
7. Voiceless
（西安交大）
8. Broad
and narrow transcription
（中山）
9.
Complementary
distribution
（武大，南开）
What
are
phonemes,
phones,
and
allophones?
Explain
their
relationship
with
examples
from
English.
（北外
2005<
/p>
）
2.
What are suprasegmental features?
（西外
2006
）
第
3
章
1. Stem
2.
inflectional morpheme
3.
Allomorph
1. What is the distinction
between inflectional affixes and derivational
affixes?
（四川大学
2007
）
2. Illustrate
the ways of lexical change.
（武汉大学
2005
）
第
5
章
Ⅲ
. True or false
1.
In
the
sentence
“
Money
is
often
said
to
be
the
root
of
all
evil
”
,
“
root
”
is
used
in
its
conceptual meaning.
（北二外
2007
）
2. Reference is one of the rarely used
cohesive devices.
（南开
2005
）
3.
“
Tulip
”
,
“
rose
”
and
“
violet
”
are all included in
the notion of
“
flower
”
. Therefore they
are
superordinates of
“
flower
”
.
（北二外
20
06
）
4.
The idea that the meaning
of a sentence depends on the meanings of the
constituent words
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