-
Civil Procedure Law
Civil
Procedure
I.
Separate Court Systems
Key
Difference in Civil and Criminal Law
(1)
Public Law.
This includes criminal law, constitution and
administration law. Public law is
concerned with the interaction between
an individual and the rest of community.
(2)
Private Law.
This includes tort, contract and divorce law.
Private law concerns the interaction
between individuals in the community,
inasmuch as they do not concern the community as a
whole.
Thus, criminal law is
concerned with conduct of which the State
disapproves and will punish the
wrongdoer, seeking to deter others from
similar behavior.
Civil law has a
complementary function. When a
dispute arises between two individuals,
rules
of civil law are applied to
determine which individual is in the right. The
party in the wrong must
then compensate
the other for any loss or damage.
The
object of the criminal law is, therefore
,punitive; the object of the civil law is to
compensate
the person wronged.
1
、
不同的法院系统
民法与刑法的主要区别
（
1
）公法：公法包括刑法，宪法，行政法。公法调整个人与社会之间的相互
关系。
（
2
）私法：私法包括侵权法，合同法，和婚姻法。私法调整社会中人与人之间的关系，因
为
他们不能作为整体关系到社会问题。因此，刑法调整国家不允许的行为并且惩罚犯罪者，
以寻求阻止他人进行类似的行为。
民法有辅助功能。
当两个个体出现争议，
适用民法条文确定谁是正确的。
< br>过错方必须赔偿另
一方的损失。故，刑法的目的具有惩罚性
,
民法的目的是补偿受害方。
II.
Choosing the
Proper Court
Subject-Matter
Jurisdiction
The first question that
must be addressed when deciding where to file suit
is which courts have the
requisite
power or competence to decide the type of
controversy involved. This requirement
typically is stated in terms of whether
the court has subject-matter jurisdiction.
(1)
State Courts.
Or state courts typically the statutes
establishing the different courts in the state
will set each
court
’
s subject-matter
jurisdiction boundaries. The question is not
whether the
plaintiff can bring an
action in a state court, but which of the existing
state courts is authorized to
hear the
case.
(2)
Federal
courts. Federal courts are courts of general
jurisdiction. That is to say, all federal
district courts are treated as trial
courts of equal jurisdictional power; there is no
division among
the district court may
entertain an action based on almost any area of
the law. The one exception to
this
principle is the existence of specialized federal
courts to handle certain matters, such as the
Tax Court, the Claims Court and the
Bankruptcy Court. However, even in those cases the
plaintiff
may have the option of
filling suit in the specialized federal court or
in the federal district court.
(3)
Original and
appellate Jurisdiction. Courts having original
jurisdiction are courts of first
instance-that is where to go to obtain
a trial of the case. Courts having appellate
jurisdiction
function as reviewing
courts and the case may be brought to them only on
appeal from an order or
judgment in a
lower court.
Thus, any inquiry into
subject-matter jurisdiction must consider not only
whether the court has
been given the
power to hear a certain controversy, but also
whether it is a trial or an appellate
tribunal.
2
、
寻择适当的法院
对事管辖权
当决定提起诉讼时，
哪家法院具有必不可少的权力来审理这类型的争诉变成首要问题。
通
常
的必要条件是根据这家法院是否有对事管辖权。
（
1
）州法院：通常对州法院来讲，法律在州内设
立不同的法院，并设定各法院间的对事管
辖权界限。
对事管辖权
不在于原告在那个州法院提起诉讼，
而在于哪家现有法院被授权审理
此案。
（
2
）联邦法院：联邦法院具有普通管辖权。就是说，所有联邦地方法院具有同等的对事管
辖权；
各联邦地方法院之间没有关于哪一类案件可以在哪一类法庭审理的划分。
联邦地方法
院可以根据几乎任何一个区域的法律受理诉讼。
对一这一原则唯一的例外是，
存在特殊联邦
法院处
理特别案件，如税务法院，索赔法院和破产法院。然而，即使这些案件，原告也可以
依据
自己的观点向联邦特别法院或联邦地方法院提起诉讼。
（
3
）原始管辖和上诉管辖：首次审理案件的法院是拥有原始管辖权的
法院。法院具有上诉
管辖权起到审查法院的作用，根据判决或裁定向他们提起上诉的案件
来自于下级法院。
因此，
任何有关对
事管辖权的了解，
不仅要看是否法院有受理争诉的权限，
也要看
是否是原
审法院还是上诉法院。
Venue
Venue is a statutory
requirement designed to regulate the flow of
judicial business within a
particular
court system and to identify a convenient forum
for the parties to litigate their dispute.
In the federal court system, ,venue
provisions set out the district or districts in a
given state in
which suit may be
brought, assuming subject-matter and personal
jurisdiction requirements are
met. In
state court systems, venue statues typically refer
to the proper county in which to bring the
action.
A common distinction
that is drawn in venue statues is the difference
between a local and a
transitory
action. Local actions involving ownership of,
possession of ,or injury to real property
can be brought only in county in which
the land is situated. Transitory actions
encompassing all
other suits are not so
restricted.
Today, in ascertaining
appropriate venue, one should first determine
whether a suit is covered by
the local
action rule. If it is, then venue is only proper
where the subject matter of the action is
located. In federal court, if a case is
not within the local action rule, venue is proper
in a judicial
district. In state court,
if a suit is not covered by the local action rule,
then venue is proper in a
county where
the defendant resides or may be summoned.
审判地
审判地是一个法定的必要条件
，
用来在一个特定的法院体系中规范司法业务的运行，
并为诉<
/p>
讼争议的当事人确定一个合适的法院。
在联邦法院体系中，
如对事管辖权和对人管辖权符合要求，
审判
地的规定可决定诉讼将在一
个特定州内某一个区内进行。在州法院体系中，审判地法律通
常确定在适当的县提出诉讼。
审判地法律规定的一个共同特点
就是有当地诉讼和可选择审判地诉讼之分。
当地诉讼涉及不
动产
的所有权、
占有、侵占，只能在不动产所在县提起诉讼。
可选择
审判地的诉讼包括一切
其他的诉讼案件并未如此限定。
现在，
确定合适的审判地，应该首先确定诉讼是否在当地诉讼范围内。
如果是的话，那么审
判地在诉讼发生地是唯一正确的。
在联邦法院，
如果诉讼不属于当地诉讼范围中，
审判地则
由有属地管辖权的州确定。
在州法院，
如果诉讼是不属于当地诉讼范围中，
审判地是在被告
所
在的县或者是可以传唤的县是合适的。
Personal
Jurisdiction
uction
The
doctrine of personal jurisdiction addresses the
question whether a court has the power to
render a binding, enforceable judgment
defining or declaring the rights and duties of the
parties.
Power is assumed to exist
because each state has sovereign control over all
things and persons