-
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
学校代码：
学
号：
（
外文文献及翻译
题
目
：
About
Buiding
on
the
Structure
Design
学
生
< br>姓
名
：
学
院
：
土
系
别
：
建
专
业
< br>：
土
班
级
：
土
指
导
教
师
：
木
筑
木
木
工
< br>程
学
院
工
程
系
工
程
(
建
筑
工
程
方
向
)
0
< br>8
-
4
班
二
〇
一
二
年
六
月
.
1
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
英文原文：
Building
construction concrete crack of
prevention and processing
Abstract
The
crack problem of concrete is a widespread
existence
but again
difficult
in
solve
of
engineering
actual problem,
this
text
carried
on
a
study
analysis
to
a
little
bit
familiar
crack
problem
in
the
concrete
engineering,
and
aim
at
concrete
the
circumstance
put
forward
some
prevention,
processing
measure.
Keyword:
Concrete crack
prevention processing
Foreword
Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate
by the freestone
bone, cement, water
and other mixture but formation of the
in
addition
material
of
quality
brittleness
not
and
all
e the concrete construction transform
with
oneself, control etc. a series
problem, harden model of in
the
concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave
and
tiny
crack,
is
exactly
because
these
beginning
start
blemish
of
existence
just
make
the
concrete
present
one
some
not
and
all the
characteristic of tiny crack is a kind
of
harmless
crack
and
accept
concrete
heavy,
defend
Shen
and
a
little
bit
other
use
function
not
a
creation
to
after the concrete be subjected to
lotus carry, difference
in
temperature
etc.
function,
tiny
crack
would
continuously
of
expand
with
connect,
end
formation
we
can
see
without
the
.
2
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
aid
of
instruments
of
macro
view
the
crack
be
also
the
crack
that
the concrete often say in the
engineering.
Concrete
building
and
Gou
piece
usually
all
take
sewer
to
make
of,
because
of
crack
of
existence
and
development
usually make
inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material
creation
decay,
lower
reinforced
concrete
material
of
loading ability, durable
and anti- Shen ability, influence
building
of
external
appearance,
service
life,
severity
will
threat
arrive
people's
life
and
property
safety.A
lot
of
all
of
crash
of
engineerings
is
because
of
the
unsteady
development of the
crack with the result age
science
research
with
a
great
deal
of
of
the
concrete
engineering
practice
certificate,
in
the
concrete
engineering
crack
problem
is
ineluctable,
also
acceptable
in
certainly of the scope just need to
adopt valid of measure
will
it
endanger
degree
control
at
certain
of
scope
reinforced
concrete
norm
is
also
explicit
provision:Some
structure
at
place
of
dissimilarity
under
the
condition
allow
existence
certain the crack
of
at
under
construction should as far as possible adopt a
valid
measure
control
crack creation,
make the
structure don't
appear crack possibly
or as far as possible decrease crack
of
amount
and
width,
particularly
want
to
as
far
as
possible
avoid
harmful
crack
of
emergence,
insure
engineering
quality
thus.
Concrete
crack
creation
of
the
reason
be
a
lot
of
and
have
already
transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature
variety,
constringency,
inflation,
the
asymmetry
sink
to
sink
etc.
reason
cause
of
crack;Have
outside
carry
the
crack
that
the
function
cause;Protected
.
environment
not
3
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
appropriate
the
crack
etc.
caused
with
chemical
differentiation
to
treat
in
the
actual
engineering,
work°out
a problem according
to the actual circumstance.
In the concrete engineering the
familiar crack and the
prevention
Suo
crack and prevention
Stem
the
Suo
crack
much
appear
after
the
concrete
protect
be
over
of
a
period
of
time
or
concrete
sprinkle
to
build
to
complete
behind
of
around
a
the
cement
syrup
humidity
of
evaporate
would
creation
stem
Suo,
and
this
kind
of
constringency
is
can't
Suo
crack
of
the
creation
be
main
is
because
of
concrete
inside
outside
humidity
evaporate
degree
dissimilarity
but
cause
to
transform
dissimilarity
of
result:The
concrete
is
subjected
to exterior
condition of influence, surface humidity loss
lead
quick,
transform
bigger,
inner
part degree of
humidity
variety smaller transform
smaller, bigger surface stem the
Suo
transform
to
be
subjected
to
concrete
inner
part
control,
creation more big pull should dint but
creation
relative
humidity
is
more
low,
cement
syrup
body
stem
Suo
more
big, stem the Suo crack be more easy
the Suo
crack
is
much
surface
parallel
lines
form
or
the
net
shallow
thin
crack,
width
many
between
0.05-0.2
mm,
the
flat
surface
part
much
see
in
the
big
physical
volume
concrete
and
follow
it
more in thinner beam plank short to Suo
crack
usually
the
anti-
Shen
of
influence
concrete,
cause
the
durable
of
the
rust
eclipse
influence
concrete
of
reinforcing
bar, under the
function of the water pressure dint would
creation the water power split crack
influence concrete of
loading dint
etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water
.
4
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage
of the composition,
cement of cement,
gather to anticipate of the dosage of the
property and dosage, in addition etc.
relevant.
Main
prevention
measure:While
being
to
choose
to
use
the
constringency
quantity
smaller
cement,
general
low
hot
water
mire
and
powder
ash
from
stove
cement
in
the
adoption,
lower
the dosage of is a
concrete of stem the Suo be
subjected
to
water
ash
ratio
of
influence
more
big,
water
ash
ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so
in the concrete match
the ratio the
design should as far as possible control good
water
ash
ratio
of
choose
to
use,
the
Chan
add
in
the
meantime
accommodation
of
reduce
is
strict
control
concrete mix blend with under
construction of match ratio,
use of
concrete water quantity absolute can't big in
match
ratio design give settle of use
water is the
earlier
period
which strengthen
concrete to protect,
and
appropriate
extension
protect
of
concrete
construction
want
to
be
appropriate
extension
concrete
heat
preservation
to
overlay
time,
and
Tu2
Shua
protect
to
is a
constitution the accommodation is in the
concrete structure of the constringency
sew.
Su constringency crack
and prevention
Su
constringency
is
the
concrete
is
before
condense,
surface
because
of
lose
water
quicker
but
creation
of
Su
constringency crack is general at dry
heat
or
strong
wind
the
weather
appear,
crack's
much
presenting
in
the
center
breadth,
both
ends
be
in
the
centerthin and the
length be different, with each other not
coherent
r
crack
general
long
20-30
cm,
the
longer
crack
can
reach
to
a
2-3
m,
breadth
1-5
creation
.
5
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
of main reason is:The concrete is
eventually almost having
no strength or
strength before the Ning very small, perhaps
concrete just eventually Ning but
strength very hour, be
subjected to
heat or compare strong wind dint of influence,
the concrete surface lose water to lead
quick, result in in
the
capillary
creation
bigger
negative
press
but
make
a
concrete
physical
volume
sharply
constringency,
but
at
this
time
the
strength
of
concrete
again
can't
resist
its
constringency,
therefore
creation
influence
concrete Su
constringency open the main factor of crack to
have
water
ash
ratio,
concrete
of
condense
time,
environment
temperature,
wind velocity, relative
humidity...etc..
Main
prevention
measure:One
is
choose
to
use
stem
the
Suo
value smaller higher Huo
sour salt of the earlier period
strength
or
common
the
Huo
sour
brine
is
strict
the
control water ash ratio, the Chan add
to efficiently reduce
water
to
increment
the
collapse
of
concrete
fall
a
degree
and
with
easy, decrease cement and water of is to
sprinkle before
building
concrete, water basic level and
template
even
to
soak
is
in
time
to
overlay
the
perhaps
damp
grass
mat
of
the
plastics
thin
film,
hemp
slice
etc., keep concrete eventually before
the Ning surface is
moist, perhaps
spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in
the
concrete
is
in
the
heat
and
strong
wind
the
weather
to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze
facilities, protect in time.
to sink crack and
prevention
The creation
which sink to sink crack is because of the
structure
foundation
soil
quality
not
and
evenly,
loose
soft
or
return
to
fill
soil
dishonest
or
soak
in
water
but
result
.
6
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
in
the
asymmetry
sink
to
decline
with
the
result
that;Perhaps
because
of
template
just
degree
shortage,
the
template
propped
up
to
once
be
apart
from
big
or
prop
up
bottom
loose
move etc. to cause,
especially at winter, the template prop
up
at
jelly
soil
up,
jelly
the
soil
turn
jelly
empress
creation asymmetry to sink to decline
and cause concrete
structure
creation
kind
crack many
is
deep
enter
or
pierce through sex crack, it alignment have
something to
do with sinking to sink a
circumstance, general follow with
ground perpendicular or present 30
°s-45 ° Cape direction
development,
bigger
sink
to
sink
crack,
usually
have
certain
of wrong, crack
width usually with sink to decline quantity
direct proportion width under the
influence
of
temperature
variety
foundation
after
transform stability sink to sink crack
also basic tend in
stability.
Main
prevention
measure:One
is
rightness
loose
soft
soil,
return to fill soil foundation a
construction at the upper
part
structure
front
should
carry
on
necessity
of
Hang
solid
with is the strength
that assurance template
is enough and
just degree, and prop up firm, and make the
foundation
be
subjected
to
dint
is
keep concrete
from
sprinkle
infusing
the
foundation
in
the
process
is
soak
by
is
time
that
template
tore
down
to
can't
be
too
early,
and
want
to
notice
to
dismantle
a
mold
order
of
is
at
jelly
soil
top
take
to
establish
template
to notice to adopt
certain of prevention measure.
ature crack and prevention
Temperature crack much the occurrence
is in big surface
or
difference
in temperature
variety
of
the physical
volume
.
7
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
concrete
compare
the
earth
area
of
the
concrete
te
after
sprinkling
to
build,
in
the
hardening the process, cement water
turn a creation a great
deal of of
water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the
350-550
kg/m
3,
each
sign
square
the
rice
concrete
will
release
a
calories
of
17500-27500
kJ
and
make
concrete
internal thus the temperature rise to
reach to 70
℃
or so
even
higher)Because
the physical
volume
of
concrete
be
more
big, a great deal of of water turn
hot accumulate at the
concrete
inner
part
but
not
easy
send
forth,
cause
inner
part
the
temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread
hot
more
quick,
so
formation
inside
outside
of
bigger
difference
in
temperature,
the
bigger
difference
in
temperature
result
in inner part and exterior hot the
degree of the bulge cold
Suo
dissimilarity,
make
concrete
surface
creation
certain
of
pull should pull should
dint exceed the anti- of
concrete
pull
strength
extreme
limit,
concrete
surface
meeting creation crack, this kind of
crack much occurrence
after
the
concrete
under
construction
the
concrete
of under construction be difference in
temperature variety
more big, perhaps
is a concrete to be subjected to assault
of
cold
wave
etc.,
will
cause
concrete
surface
the
temperature
sharply
descend,
but
creation
constringency,
surface
constringency
of
the
concrete be subjected to
inner
part concrete of
control, creation very big of pull should
dint but creation crack, this kind of
crack usually just in
more shallow
scope of the concrete surface creation.
The
alignment
of
the
temperature
crack
usually
none
settle
regulation,
big
area
structure
the
crack
often
maneuver
interleave;The
size
bigger
structure
of
the
beam
plank
length,
.
8
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
the crack run parallel with short side
more;Thorough with
pierce through sex
of temperature crack general and short
side
direction
parallelism
or
close
parallelism,
crack
along
long
side
cent
the
segment
appear,
in
the
center
more
width the
size
be
different,
be
subjected
to
temperature variety influence more
obvious, winter compare
breadth, summer
more concrete temperature crack
that
the heat inflation cause is usually in the center
the
thick both ends be thin, but cold
Suo crack of thick thin
variety
not
too
emergence
of
the
this
kind
crack
will
cause
the
rust
eclipse
of
reinforcing
bar,
the
carbonization
of
concrete,
the
anti-
jelly
which
lower
concrete melt, anti-
tired and anti- Shen ability etc..
Main
prevention
measure:One
is
as
far
as
possible
choose
to
use
low
hot
or
medium
hot
water
mire,
like
mineral
residue
cement,
powder
ash
from
stove
cement...etc..Two
is
a
decrease
cement
dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the
control
is in the 450 kg/m 3 is to
lower water ash
ratio,
water
ash
of
the
general
concrete
ratio
control
below
is
improvement
the
bone
anticipate
class
to
go
together
with,
the
Chan
add
powder
ash
from
stove
or
efficiently
reduce
water
etc.
to
come
to
reduce
cement
dosage
and
lower water to turn is an improvement concrete
of mix blend to process a craft, lower
sprinkle of concrete
to
build
is
the
in
addition
that
the
Chan
add
a
have
of
fixed
amount
to
reduce
water
and
increase
Su,
slow
Ning
etc.
function
in
the
concrete,
improvement
the
concrete
mix
to
match
a
thing
of
mobility,
protect
water,
lower
water
to
turn
hot,
postpone
hot
Feng
of
emergence
is
the
heat
season
sprinkle
to
build
can
the
adoption
take
to
.
9
关于政府采购工程招标与评标的实践探索
establish
to
hide
sun
plank
etc.
assistance
measure
control
concrete
of
Wen
Sheng,
lower
to
sprinkle
temperature
of
build
the
is
the
temperature
of
big
physical
volume
concrete
should
the
dint
relate
to
structure size, concrete
structure size more big, temperature
should dint more big,
so want
reasonable arrangement construction work preface,
layering,
cent
the
piece
sprinkle
to
build,
for
the
convenience
of
in
spread
hot,
let
up
is
at
great
inner
part
constitution
of
the
physical
volume
concrete
cool
off piping, cold water
perhaps cold air cool off, let up
concrete
of
inside
outside
difference
in
is
the
supervision
which
strengthen
concrete
temperature,
adopt
to cool off in time, protection
measure.11 is to reserve
temperature
constringency
to
sew.12
is
to
let
up
to
control,
sprinkle proper
before building concrete in the Ji rock and
old
concrete
top
build
a
5
mm
or
so
sand
mat
a
layer
or
usage
asphalt etc.
material
Tu2
Shua.13 is
to
strengthen concrete
to
protect,
the
concrete
after
sprinkle
build
use
moist
grass
Lian
in
time,
hemp
slice's
etc.
overlay,
and
attention
sprinkle
water
to
protect,
appropriate
extension
protect
time, assurance
the
concrete surface be
slow-moving
cool
the
cold
season,
concrete
surface
should
constitution
heat preservation measure, in order to
prevent cold wave
assault.14
is
the
allocation
be
a
little
amount
in
the
concrete
of
reinforcing
bar
perhaps
add
fiber
material
concrete of
temperature crack control at certain of scope
inside.
and
prevention that the chemical reaction
cause
Alkali
bone's
anticipating
the
crack
that
reaction
crack
and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause
is the most familiar
.
10