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1-32
The First Civilizations
Evidence suggests that an important
stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations
was the development of settled
agriculture, which unleashed a series
of changes in the organization of human
communities that culminated in the rise of
large ancient empires.
证据显示,
早期文明兴起的一个重要刺激因素就是定居农业的发展。
它导致了人类群落的组织结构出现一系列变更,
在古代大型帝国的兴起
时达到了顶峰。
The exact time and
place that crops were first cultivated
successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians
believe that farming
may have emerged
independently in several different areas of the
world when small communities, driven by increasing
population and a decline in available
food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground
in an effort to guarantee their
survival. The first farmers, who may
have lived as long as 10,000 years ago,
undoubtedly used simple techniques and still
relied primarily on other forms of food
production, such as hunting, foraging, or
pastoralism. The real breakthrough took
place when farmers began to cultivate
crops along the floodplains of river systems. The
advantage was that crops grown in
such
areas were not as dependent on rainfall and
therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An
additional benefit was that
the
sediment carried by the river waters deposited
nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to
cultivate a single plot of
ground for
many years without moving to a new location. Thus,
the first truly sedentary (that is, non-migratory)
societies
were born. As time went on,
such communities gradually learned how to direct
the flow of water to enhance the productive
capacity of the land, while the
introduction of the iron plow eventually led to
the cultivation of heavy soils not previously
susceptible to agriculture.
庄稼究竟是何时何地被首次成功开垦种植还不得而知。很多史前学家认为农业可能是当小
型
群落迫于不断增长人
口和日益减少
的食物资源压力而开始在地里种植种子试图维持他们的
生计时
,进而在世界不同区域独自兴起的。
出现在
10,000
年前的最早的农民,
毫无疑问地
p>
使用着简单的技术,
并且仍主要依赖着其他的食物生产方式,
比如
狩猎,觅食或放牧。当农
民开始在河川系统的泛滥平原沿岸种植庄稼的时候,真正的突破发生了。它的优点是,
在这
些区域种植的庄稼不会过于依赖降水,因此会带
来更可靠地收成。它另外一个好处就是由河
流带来的沉淀物<
/p>
会把营养物质沉积在土壤里,这就使得农民能够在常年耕作一块土地而不用
去开垦新的耕地。这样,第一个真正
的定居
(
即不用迁徙的
)
社会
就形成了。
随着时间的推
移,
这些社群逐渐知道了如何引导水流来加强土地的生产能力,
铁犁的引入
也终于使之前不
受用于农业的重质土壤得以开垦种植。
The spread of this river
valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and
Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the
first
civilizations. The increase in
food production in these regions led to a
significant growth in population, while efforts to
control the flow of water to maximize
the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect
the local inhabitants from hostile
forces outside the community provoked
the first steps toward cooperative activities on a
large scale. The need to oversee the
entire process brought about the
emergence of an elite that was eventually
transformed into a government.
< br>这种河谷农业在亚洲和非洲不同地区的传播是首次文明兴起的决定性因素。
这些地
区食物产量的增长导致了人口的
激增。与此同时,为了努力控制水流来最大化灌溉耕种区
域和保护当
地居民免受部落外部敌对力量的侵袭,第一
步的大规模合作活动被引发了。而出于对整个程
序步骤监督的需求,一个上层精英团体出现了。它也逐渐转变成
了政府部门。
The first clear steps in the
rise of the first civilizations took place in the
fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia,
northern Africa, India, and China. How
the first governments took shape in these areas is
not certain, but anthropologists
studying the evolution of human
communities in various parts of the world have
discovered that one common stage in the
process is the emergence of what are
called “big men” within a single village or a
collection of villages. By means of their
military prowess, dominant
personalities, or political talents, these people
gradually emerge as the leaders of that
community. In time, the “big men”
become formal symbols of authority and pass on
that authority to others within their
own family. As the communities continue
to grow in si
ze and material wealth,
the “big men” assume hereditary status, and
their allies and family members are
transformed into a hereditary monarchy.
首期文明兴起的第一个明显的阶段发生在公元前三千和四千年的美索不达米亚、北非、印
度
和中国。究竟第一个
政府在这些地
区是如何形成的还无法确定,但是人类学家在研究世界不
同地
区人类群体的进化时,发现在这个过
程中有一个共同阶段,那就是在单个或多个村落中<
/p>
“ big man”
的出现。这些
人凭借他们杰出的军事力量、超凡的
品性和政治天赋,逐渐成为
了那些群落的领导者。后来,
“ big man”
成为了权力的正式象征,并且还会把权力传
给他
们家族的其他成员。当这些群落的面积和物质财富不断发展壮大时,这些
“ big man”
就开
始采取世袭制,他
们的同盟和家族成员便转变成了世袭君主王室。
The appearance of these sedentary
societies had a major impact on the social
organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life
of the peoples living within their
boundaries. ■ With the increase in population and
the development of centralized
authority
came the emergence
of the cities. ■ While some of these urban centers
were ident
ified with a particular
economic function,
such as proximity to
gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a
major trade route, others served primarily as
administrative centers or the site of
temples for the official cult or other ritual
observances
. ■ Within these cities, new
forms
of livelihood appeared to satisfy
the growing need for social services and consumer
goods. ■ Some people became artisans
or
merchants, while others became warriors, scholars,
or priests. In some cases, the physical division
within the first cities
reflected the
strict hierarchical character of the society as a
whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an
imposing wall and
separate from the
remainder of the urban population. In other
instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the
cities lacked a
royal precinct and the
ostentatious palaces that marked their
contemporaries elsewhere.
这些
定居社会的出现对社会组织、宗教信仰和住在界定范围内的人们的生活方式都造成了巨大的影响。随着人口的
p>
增长和中央集权的发展,城市开始出现。其中一些城市中心被赋上了一个特定的经济功能,像
那些靠近金矿或铁矿
的,
或是在主要贸易路线上占据关键战略位
置的
;
其他地区主要充当行政中心,
或
是作为用于官方祭礼和其他典礼仪
式的寺庙神殿地址。在这些城市里,为满足不断增长的
社会服务和消费商品的需求,新的生活形式出现了。一些人
变
成了工匠或商人,另一些人则成了武士、学者或牧师。在某些情况下,首批城市的物理分割整体上反映了社会严<
/p>
格的等级特征。富丽堂皇的围墙环绕着皇家宫殿,也隔离了城市剩下的人们。但另一方面,
如印度河流域,城市就
没有像同时期其他地方一样的皇家区域和豪华招摇的宫殿。
1. The phrase “culminated in”
in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. reached a high point with
B. logically followed from
C. partly contributed to
D. marked
答案:
A
解析:
culminate: “to reach the
highest or a climactic or decisive point; to reach
the end or the final result of
somethin
g”(Merriam
-
Webster). “
达到顶点
/
高潮
;
以
……
告终
”
。
对应
A
选项。
2. According
to paragraph 2, which of the following statements
is true of early farmers?
A.
They used farming to supplement other food
sources.
B. They were driven
out of small communities.
C.
They were victims of flooding.
D. They farmed several plots of land at
once.
答案:
A
解析
:
细节题
,
定为原文
“Many prehistorians believe that
farming may have emerged independently in several
different
areas of the world when small
communities, driven by increasing population and a
decline in available food resources,
began to p
lant seeds in the
ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.”
原文说当食物来源短缺的时候来时种植粮食
来维持生计,对应<
/p>
A“
他们用农业来补充其他食
物来源
”
。
3. The word “undoubtedly” in the
passage is closest in meaning to
A. increasingly
B. certainly
C. in general
D.
apparently
答案:
B
解
析:
undoubtedly
,怀疑加上否定前缀,表相信确定
,对应
B
选项。
4. According
to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers
chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive
credit you
must select TWO answer
choices.
A. The soils in
river valleys were rich in nutrients.
B. The crops grown in river valleys
were not completely dependent on
rainwater.
C. Farming
techniques could not be easily applied to soils
far from rivers.
D. The
heavier weight of river soil resulted in more
reliable harvests.
答案:
AB
解析:
细节题,
定为原文
“The
advantage was that crops gro
wn in such
areas were not as dependent on rainfall and
therefore
produced a more reliable
harvest. An additional benefit was that the
sediment carried by the river waters deposited
nutrients
in the soil, thus
enabling the farmer to cultivate a
single plot
of ground for many years
without moving to a new location.”
标红色处分别
对应
A “rich in
nutrients”
营养丰富和
B
“not completely dependent on
rainwater”
不完全依赖降水。
5. The word “enhance” in the passage is
closest in meaning to
A.
serve
B. improve
C. control
D.
protect
答案:
B
解析:
enhance: “to increase or
improve”
,增强,加强,提高。对应
B “improve”
。
6. The word “provoked” in the passage
is closest in meaning to
A. secured
B.
coordinated
C.
modeled
D. brought
about
答案:
D
解析:
provoke: “to cause the
occurrence of”
,引起。对应
D “brought
about”
。
7.
According to paragraph 3, which of the following
is NOT a reason why governments first arose among
agricultural
communities?
A. A significant increase in
population
B. The desire to
control water resources for irrigation
C. The need for protection from outside
forces
D. The demand for
organized communication with other
communities
答案:
D
解
析:
否定事实题,
定为原文
“The
increase in food production in these regions led
to a significant growth in population (A),
while efforts to control the flow of
water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated
areas (B) and to protect the local
inhabitants from hostile forces outside
the community (C) provoked the first steps toward
cooperative activities on a large
scale. The need to oversee the entire
process brought about the emergence of an elite
that was eventually transformed into a
government.”
8.
According to paragraph 4, what is not known about
the rise of the first civilizations?
A. Where the first steps toward
civilization took place
B.
Who was allowed to replace “big men” after the
“big men” died
C. Why some
individuals became recognized as
leaders
D. How governments
emerged
答案:
D
解析:否定事实题,定为原文
“The first
clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations
took place in the fourth and third
millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern
Africa, India, and China (A
产
生
地
点
). How the first governments took
shape in these areas is not
certain (D
政府如何出现不得而知,所以不对
), but
anthropologists studying the evolution of human
communities in
various parts of the
world have discovered that one common stage in the
process is the emergence of what are
called “big
men” within a single
village
or a collection of
villages. By means of their military prowess,
dominant personalities, or political talents (C
成为领导者原
因
), these
people gradually emerge as the leaders of that
c
ommunity. In time, the “big men”
become formal symbols of
authority and
pass on that authority to others within their own
family. As the communities continue to grow in
size and
material wealth, the “big men”
assume hereditary status (B
世袭,子孙相传
), and their allies
and family members are
transformed into
a hereditary monarchy.
9.
What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and
4 in the passage?
A.
Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership
arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4
describes how that
leadership
developed.
B. Paragraph 3
suggests that agriculture was first practiced in
Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it
might have
later spread to the rest of
the world.
C. Paragraph 3
describes several methods of early government, and
paragraph 4 gives an extended example of one of
them.
D. Paragraph 3
discusses a cause of the spread of river valley
agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph
4 discusses an
effect.
答案:
A
解
析:
第三段说明了领导者即后来政府形成的原因,
第四段讲述了
领导者是如何形成的。
对
应
A
中
why
和
how
。
10. Which of the sentences below best
expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential
information.
A. Some cities
were associated with economic activities, while
others were government or religious
centers.
B. Emerging cities
generally served strategic administrative,
economic, and religious purposes.
C. The creation of an economic or
administrative activity led to the emergence of a
city for its proper supervision.
D. Some cities emerged as economic
centers and later became the sites of
administrative or religious activities.
答案:
A
解
析
:
While some of
these urban centers were identified with a
particular economic function, such as proximity to
gold
or iron deposits or a strategic
location on a major trade route, others served
primarily as administrative centers or the site of
temples for the official cult or other
ritual observances.
由原句中
“While some..., other”
可知整个句
子主要逻辑关系为
分类列举,前后表并列。
ABCD
中之后
A
符合主干逻辑。
第一个分类主干为:
urban
centers...were identified
with...economic
function
,正式的经济
功能,对应
A
前半句
;
第二个分类主干为:
ot
hers served...as administrative
centers
or the site of...
,对应
A
后半句。
11. Paragraph 5 suggests that which of
the following was a consequence of the emergence
of cities?
A. The
decentralization of authority
B. An increase in religious
activity
C. The emergence of
service- and production-related jobs
D. A decreased reliance on mineral
resources
答案:
C
解析:细节题,定为原文
“Within these
cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to
sa
tisfy the growing need for social
services and consumer goods.”
新的生活形式出现是为满足不断增长的社会服务和消费商品的需求,对应
C “service
-
and
production-related
jobs”
。
12. According to paragraph 5, why were
huge walls built around early royal
palaces?
A. To protect the
inhabitants from invaders
B.
To mark the urban areas
C.
To separate the ruling class from the rest of the
population
D. To represent
the prosperity of a city
答案:
C
解
析:
细节题,
定为原文
“In
some cases, the physical division within the first
cities reflected the strict hierarchical
c
haracter
of the society as
a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an
imposing wall and separate from the remainder of
the urban
population. ”
巨型围墙
的出现显示了严格的等级特征,把城市剩余人口分隔出去。对应
C“
把统治阶级和
< br>剩下的人
口分开
”
。
13. Look at the four
squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the
following sentence could be added to the passage.
This was
accompanied by increased
professional specialization. Where would the
sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the
sentence to the passage.
答案:
D
解析:
This was accompanied by
increased professional specialization
备选句子告诉我们两个信息,
This
有指代关系,
对应上文
;professional
specialization
专
业化分工。也就是说下句要说到的专业分工是上句中某现象的原因。符合此
逻辑的只有最
后
一空。
该空前讲到了新生活形式的出现,之后列举了像工匠、商人、武士、学者和牧师一系
列专业工作职位。
14.
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief
summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by
selecting the THREE
answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong
in
the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are
minor ideas in the passage. This
question is worth 2 points. The
practice of settled agriculture in some areas of
Asia and Africa was crucial to the
development of early
civilizations.
Answer
Choices:
A. Prehistorians
disagree as to whether early farmers first
cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried
cultivating crops
in less successful
environments.
B. Cultivation
in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable
harvests, which meant that farmers no longer
needed to migrate
constantly in search
of food.
C. Because crops
could be cultivated more successfully where
farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall,
hostilities
between groups arose over
control of the river systems.
D. The need to organize the effort to
ensure the food supply and defend the land led to
the formation of elite supervising
groups that eventually became the first
governments.
E. Increasingly
centralized forms of administration resulted in
the emergence of social classes and in the
development of
cities as trade,
administration, or religious centers.
F. Unlike other early civilizations,
those that developed in the Indus River Valley did
not have any spectacular palaces or
areas for exclusive use by the
authorities.
答案:
BDE
解析
:
B.
Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in
predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no
longer needed to
migrate constantly in
search of food.
对应文中第二段,
讲
river valley
的优势。
D. The need
to organize the effort to
ensure the
food supply and defend the land led to the
formation of elite supervising groups that
eventually became the first
governments.
对应文中第三段,讲
elit
supervising groups
,即之后的
first government
形成的原因。
E.
Increasingly
centralized forms of
administration resulted in the emergence of social
classes and in the development of cities as trade,
administration, or religious centers. <
/p>
对应文中第五段,讲中央集权导致了社会阶层和不同功能城市的形成。