医学英语课文总结

医学英语课文知识总结

al Influenza (P18)

Definition:

Seasonal influenza is an acute infection caused by the influenza virus.

Type:

Type A: A1(H1N1) and A3(H3N2) are circulating among human

Type B: Only influenza A and B viruses are included in seasonal influenza

vaccines

Type C: much less frequently than A and B

Cause:

1. High risk:

People with certain medical conditions, such as chronic heart, lung, kidney, liver,

blood or metabolic

diseases

(such as

diabetes

), or weakened immune systems

2. Transmission:

Spread by breathing in infected droplets

Signs and symptoms:

high fever, cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise, sore

throat and runny nose

Treatment:

antiviral drugs such as adamantanes and inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase

Prevention:

vaccinate timely(most effective);covering mouth and nose with tissue when coughing,

washing hands regularly

es (P25)

Definition:

Diabetes is a chornic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough

insulin,or alternatively,when thw body cannot effevtively use the insulin it produces.

Type:

Type

1

diabetes(previously

know

as

insulin-dependent

or

childhood-onset)is

characterized

by

a

lack of insulin production.

Type

2

diabetes(fromly

called

non-insulin-dependent

or

adult-onset)results

from

the

body's

ineffective use of insulin.

Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia which is first recognized during pregnancy.

Common consequences

：

Diabetes can damage the heart,blood vessels,eyes,kindneys,and nerves.

Such

as:retinopathy,neuropathy;tingling;pain ;numbness,or

weakness

in

the

feet

and

hands;fool

ulcers,even amputation;kidney failure;heart disease;stroke;cardiovascular disease.

Prevent:

achieve and maintain healthy body weigh;be physically active;blood testing;tabacco cessation;

blood pressure control;foot care;morderate blood control,

people with type 1 diabetes require insulin,people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral

medication,but may also require ing for retinopathy;blood lipid control;

screening for early signs of diabetes- related kindney disease.

y And Overweig ht

（

P70

）

Defintion:

Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may

impair defines

“overweight” as a BMI equal to or more than 25 and “obesity” as a

BMI equal to or more than 30.

Reason:

Energy imbalance ,unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.

Consequence:

Cardiovascular disease,diabetes,musculoskeletal disorders,some cancer

Prevention:

Achieve energy balance and a healthy weight,limit energy intake,

fruit,vegetables,legumes,whole grains and se physical activity and limit sugar intake

1

Infection

（

P52

）

Definnition:

An ear infection means that the middle ear is infected.

Occur:

The middle ear space sometimes becomes filled with mucus which infected by bacteria or viruses

Sometimes an ear infection occurs 'out of the blue' for no apparent reason.

Main symptoms:

earache, dulled hearing, fever (high temperature),

children feel sick or vomit,irritable, crying

Treatment :

Most bouts of ear infection will clear on their own without treatment within 2-3 days. The immune

system can usually clear bacteria or viruses that cause ear infections.

first use painkillers regularly,then antibiotics

Complications:

It is common for some mucus to remain behind the eardrum after the infection clears. Sometimes

it may cause eardrum perforates.

Prevented:

do not use dummies in babies,prevent passive smoking of babies and childen.

A

long

course

of

antibiotics

used

to

prevent

further

bouts

occurring

for

the

children

that

have

recurring bouts of ear infections close together.

vascular Diseases

（

P65

）

Definition:

Cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease,cerebrovascular disease, raised

blood pressure ,peripheral artery disease,disease,congenital heart disease and failure.

Causes:

Major:tobacco use,physical inactivity,an unhealthy diet.

The most common cause is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that

supply the heart or brain.

Common symptoms:

a heart attack or stroke;

diffivulty

in

breathing

or

shortness

of

breath;feeling

sick

or

vomiting;feeling

lightheaded

or

faint;breaking into a cold sweat

Symptom of a heart attack:pain or discomfort in the centre of the chest;pain or discomfort in the

arms,the left shoulder,elbows,raw or back.

Common symptom of a stroke:sudden weakness of the face,arm,or leg,most often on one side of

the body;(some other symptoms inP66)

Prevention:

physical activity at least 30min every day;make sure enough fruit and vegetables intake and limit

salt

intake;check

blood

pressure

regularly;control

blood

pressure

and

blood

sugar

for

someone

who have disbetes;maintain a ideal body weight;eat a healthy diet

and AIDS (P78)

Defintion:

The human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human

immune system, destroying or impairing their function.

The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)

Causes:

Trans missins

:

Unprotected sexual (anal and vaginal) ,transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing of

2

contaminated

needles,

and

between

a

mother

and

her

infant

during

pregnancy,

childbirth

and

breastfeeding.

Main symptoms:

encephalitis;m eningitis;retinitis;pneumocystis/pneumonia;tubercu losis;tumors;

esophagitis;chronic diarrhea

tis (P102)

Definition:

Injury to the liver with inflammation of the liver cells.

Types:

Hepatitis A

：

Infection is through food all water that contains HA

V,and Anal- oral contact during

does not lead to chronic.

Hepatitis B

：

Infection is through blood,semen,other body fluids and mother’s milk.

Hepatitis C

：

Infection is through cancer risk is only increased in people with cirrhosis.

Hepatitis D

：

only a person who is already infected with Hepatitis can become infected with

Hepatitis E

：

Infection is though water contained HEV

.and anal-oral sex.

Hepatitis F

：

unknown.

Hepatitis G

：

Symptoms are mild .

Symptoms:

The

acute

:diarrhea,fatigue,mild

fever,nausea,vomiting,weight

loss,muscle

or

joint

aches,slight abdominal pain, loss of appetite,

The

acute

phase

develops

into

the

fulminant

or

rapidly

progressing.

Circulation,Dark

urine,

dizziness, hives, itchy skin.

circulation problems,dark urin,dizziness,drowsiness,enlarged spleen,

headache,hives,itchy skin,light colored feces,yellow skin

Treatment:

Hepatitis A

：

no specifical treatment/abstain from alcohol and drugs;can recover spontaneously.

Hepatitis B

：

need rest;high protein and carbohydrate died;interf

Hepatitis C

：

pegylated interferon;ribavirin

Hepatitis D/E

：

no effective treatment.

Non-Viral Hepatitis

：

flush out of harmful substance in the stomach;corticosteroid

Definition:

Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the

body

Feature:

The

abnormal

cells

grow

rapidly

beyond

their

usual

boundaries,

Which

can

invade

adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs.

Common typ es

：

lung,stomach,colorectal,l iver,breast

men

：

lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, esophagus and prostate.

women

：

breast, lung, stomach, colorectal and cervical.

Causes:

external agents and inherited genetic factors

Physical carcinogens:ultraviolet and ionizing radiation

Chemical carcinogens:asbesyos,components of tobacco smoke,aflatoxin and arsenic

Biological carcinogens:infection from certain virus(hepatitis B and liver cancer,HPV and cervical

cancer,HIV

and

kaposi

sarcoma)

,bacteria(helicobacter

pylori

and

stomach

cancer)

or

parasites(schistosomiasis and bladder cancer)

Low- and middle- income countries: tobacco use, alcohol use, low fruit and vegetable intake, and

chronic infectious (HBV

, HCV

, HPV).

High-income countries: tobacco use, alcohol use, and being overweight or obese.

3

Signs and symptoms

：

early

signs

include

lumps,sores,persistent

indigestion,persistent

coughing,and

bleeding

from

the

body’s orifices

Risk

factors:

tobacco

use,being

overweight

or

obese,low

fruit

and

vegetable

intake,physical

inactivity,alcohol

use,sexually

transmitted

HPV-infection,urban

air

pollution,indoor

smoke

from

household use of solid fuels

Prevention:

Avoid

the

risk

ate

against

HPV

and

HBV

.Control

occupational

exposure to sunlight.

Treatment:

Principal treatment methods are surgery, radiotherapy, tive care

ension

（

P126< /p>

）

Definition:

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is

chronically elevated.

Hypertension

means

high

blood

pressure:transitory

or

sustained

elevation

of

systemic

arterial

blood pressure to a level likely to induce cardiovascular damage or other adverse consequences.

Diagnose:

blood

pressure

between120/80

and

139/89

is

called

prehypertension

(to

denote

increased

risk

of

hypertension),and

a

blood

pressure

of

140/90

or

above

is

considered

hypertension.

Types

：

essential hypertension:unknown cause

secondary hypertension:a known direct cause such as kidney disease,tumors,or birucontrol pills

Causes:

unknown exactly

smoking;obesity

or

being

overweight;diabetes,sedentary

lifestyle;lack

ofphysical

activity;high

levels

of

salt

intake(sodium

sensitivity);

VitD

deficency;insufficient

calcium,potassium,and

magnesium consumption;high levels of alcohol consumption;stree;aging;medicines such as birth

control

pills;genetics

and

a

family

history

of

hypertension;chronic

kidney

disease;adrenal

and

thyroid problems or tumors

Symptoms:

severe headaches

；

fatigue or confusi on

；

dizziness

；

nausea

；

problems with vision

；

chest pains

；

breathing problems

；

blood in the urine

Treatment:

lower blood pressure

changing lifestyle

treated medically

Prevention

：

adjust lifestyle:proper diet and exercise

maintain a healthy weight,reduce salt intake,reduce alcohol intake,and reduce stress.

be important to screen,diagnose,treat,and control hypertension in its earliest stages.

Anatomy- Tissues and Organs

（

P145

Tissues

：

Cells group together in to form tissues including 4 primary tissue types

Epithelial

tissue

：

serves

as

membranes

linings

organs

and

helping

to

keep

the

body's

organs

separate,in place and protected.

Connective tissue

：

add support and structure to the body

Muscle tissue

：

contract

Nerve tissue

：

generate and conduct electrical signals

4