-
不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别
摘要:不定式中,用主动式还是被动式?一
直是同学们学习语法的难点。
本文将从逻辑
及语义理据出发,
对不定
式作定语表主动及
被动的区别进行探究。
关键词:不定式作定语的主动式与被动式;
< br>特定句型用法;语义理据
不定式是非谓语动词的重要情形之
一。
由于
它具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的多种特
征,所以在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、
状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语
、同位语或
独立成分。
不定式作定语时兼有主动式和被
动式两种形式,用主动式还是被动式?这往
往是不少同学感到棘手的问题
。现归纳如
下,供同学们学习时参考。
1.
不定式作定语只能用主动式的情形
1.1
不定式所修饰的名词和不定式
中的动词
所表示的动作是逻辑上的主谓关系(此时,
该不定式短
语可转化为一个定语从句)
。例
如:
Li
Xuemei
was
the
first
athlete
to
get
to
the
finishing
line
(=.
.
.
athlete
who
got
to
the
finishing
line
)
p>
.李雪梅是第一个到达终点的
选手。
We
need
someone
to
help
to
repair
the
computer
(=.
.
< br>.
someone who will help to
repair the computer
)
< br>.我们需要一个能帮助
我们修电脑的人。
He
is
always
the
first
to
bear
hardships
(=.
.
.
t
he first who will bear
hardships
)
,
the
last
to
enjoy
comforts
(=
the
last
who
will
enjoy
comforts
)
.
他总是一个吃苦在前,享乐在后的人。
1.2
不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑
上的动宾
关系,
且主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作
的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。
例
如:<
/p>
He has a lot of
work to do
today
.今天他有大
量的活要干。
Do you have anything more
to say
?你还有什
么话要说吗?
Our teacher arranged us six
exercises to do at
home
.
老师给我们安排了六道练习题在家里
做。
(
p>
us
是
to
do
的逻辑主语)
Father
always
bought
his
son
some
toys
to
play with after his business
.父亲每次出差回
来都给他的儿子买玩具玩儿。
(
son
是
to play
with
的逻辑主语)
1.3
有些句子中,尽管行文上没有
不定式的
逻辑主语,
但是从句意角度可以体会出不定
式中隐含着“
for
sb
.
to
do
”结构。此时,
不定式应该用主动式。例如:
There is
nothing
(
for
us
)
to worry abou
t
.
没
有什么可值得担忧的。
That
will
be
the
only
thing
(
for
us
)
to
do
now
.这恐怕是目前(我们)
唯一可行的办
法。
It is a good
opportunity
(
for us
/
them
)
to
learn from the farmers
.
这可是一个向农民学
习的大好机会。
1.4
部
分
形
容
词
,
p>
如
eager
,
a
nxious
,
determined
,
able
等,其后常跟不定式,他
们
的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定
语。例如:
(
Mr
.<
/p>
Smith was eager to get back to teach at
the
school
.
)
Mr
.
Smith's
eagerness to get back to teach at
the
school was quite obvious
.史密斯先生急
< br>于回校教学这一点是显而易见的。
(
He
was
anxious
to
know
the
results
of
the
test
.
)
We could see his anxiety to
know the results
of the test
.
我们看得出他很想知道这次测验
的结果。
(
They
were
determined
to
catch
up
withus
.
)
In
their
speech
they
expressed
their
determination to catch up with us
.他们在讲
话中表达了他们要赶上我们的决心。
1.5
部分动词,如
attempt
,
promise
,
plan
,
< br>intend
,
refuse
等
,其后常跟不定式作其宾
语,
它们的同源名词后要用不定式的主
动式
作定语。例如:
(
They
attempted
to
reach
there
before
five
o'clo
ck
.
)
They
failed
in
their
attempt
to
reach
there
before
five
o'clo
ck
.他们试图在五点以前赶
到那里,但是没有办到。
(
You
promised
to
give
me
a
present
on
my
birthday
.
)
You
haven't
kept
your
promise
to
give
me
a
present
on
my
birthday
.你没有遵守在我过
生日时
给我礼物的诺言。
(
They
are
planning
to
be
in
business
on
National
Day
.
)
I guess they
will make some
changes
in their
plan to be
in business on National Day
.我猜
他们在国庆节开始营业的计划得做些变动
了。
1.6
在“
with
/
without
+宾语+宾语补足
语”结构中,若宾语补足语是不定式(作定
语)
,不定式所表示的动作将要发生,且句
子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者,
p>
此时不
定式须用主动式。例如:
With
a
lot
of
difficult
problems
___________
,
the newly-
elected president
is having a hard time
.
(
2002
上海高考)
A
.
settled
B
.
settling
C
.
to
settle D
.
being
settled
With
several meetings to
attend
,
he couldn't
go to the Great Wall with us
.
由于有几次会议
要参加,所以他不能和我们一起去长城了。<
/p>
Without two
members to come
,
we'd better
not start the meeting
.还有两位成员
未到,
我们最好先别开始开会。