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不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-11 00:42
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2021年2月11日发(作者:吊床)


不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别




摘要:不定式中,用主动式还是被动式?一


直是同学们学习语法的难点。


本文将从逻辑


及语义理据出发,


对不定 式作定语表主动及


被动的区别进行探究。




关键词:不定式作定语的主动式与被动式;

< br>特定句型用法;语义理据







不定式是非谓语动词的重要情形之 一。


由于


它具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的多种特

< p>
征,所以在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、


状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语 、同位语或


独立成分。


不定式作定语时兼有主动式和被


动式两种形式,用主动式还是被动式?这往


往是不少同学感到棘手的问题 。现归纳如


下,供同学们学习时参考。




1.


不定式作定语只能用主动式的情形




1.1


不定式所修饰的名词和不定式 中的动词


所表示的动作是逻辑上的主谓关系(此时,


该不定式短 语可转化为一个定语从句)


。例


如:




Li


Xuemei


was


the


first


athlete


to


get


to


the


finishing


line


(=.



athlete


who


got


to


the


finishing


line



.李雪梅是第一个到达终点的


选手。




We


need


someone


to


help


to


repair


the


computer


(=.


< br>.


someone who will help to


repair the computer


< br>.我们需要一个能帮助


我们修电脑的人。




He


is


always


the


first


to


bear


hardships


(=.




t he first who will bear hardships




the


last


to


enjoy


comforts


(=


the


last


who


will


enjoy comforts






他总是一个吃苦在前,享乐在后的人。




1.2


不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑 上的动宾


关系,


且主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作

< p>
的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。



如:< /p>




He has a lot of work to do today


.今天他有大


量的活要干。




Do you have anything more to say


?你还有什


么话要说吗?




Our teacher arranged us six exercises to do at


home



老师给我们安排了六道练习题在家里


做。



us



to do


的逻辑主语)




Father


always


bought


his


son


some


toys


to


play with after his business


.父亲每次出差回


来都给他的儿子买玩具玩儿。



son



to play


with


的逻辑主语)




1.3


有些句子中,尽管行文上没有 不定式的


逻辑主语,


但是从句意角度可以体会出不定

< p>
式中隐含着“


for


sb



to


do


”结构。此时,


不定式应该用主动式。例如:




There is nothing



for us




to worry abou t




有什么可值得担忧的。




That


will


be


the


only


thing



for


us



to


do


now


.这恐怕是目前(我们) 唯一可行的办


法。




It is a good opportunity



for us


them



to


learn from the farmers


< p>
这可是一个向农民学


习的大好机会。




1.4









eager



a nxious



determined



able


等,其后常跟不定式,他


们 的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定


语。例如:





Mr


.< /p>


Smith was eager to get back to teach at


the school






Mr



Smith's eagerness to get back to teach at


the school was quite obvious


.史密斯先生急

< br>于回校教学这一点是显而易见的。





He


was


anxious


to


know


the


results


of


the


test






We could see his anxiety to know the results


of the test



我们看得出他很想知道这次测验


的结果。




They


were


determined


to


catch


up

< p>
withus






In


their


speech


they


expressed


their


determination to catch up with us


.他们在讲


话中表达了他们要赶上我们的决心。




1.5


部分动词,如


attempt



promise


plan



< br>intend



refuse


等 ,其后常跟不定式作其宾


语,


它们的同源名词后要用不定式的主 动式


作定语。例如:





They


attempted


to


reach


there


before


five


o'clo ck






They


failed


in


their


attempt


to


reach


there


before


five


o'clo ck


.他们试图在五点以前赶


到那里,但是没有办到。





You


promised


to


give


me


a


present


on


my


birthday






You


haven't


kept


your


promise


to


give


me


a


present


on


my


birthday


.你没有遵守在我过


生日时 给我礼物的诺言。





They


are


planning


to


be


in


business


on


National Day






I guess they


will make some changes


in their


plan to be in business on National Day


.我猜

他们在国庆节开始营业的计划得做些变动


了。




1.6


在“


with



without


+宾语+宾语补足


语”结构中,若宾语补足语是不定式(作定


语)


,不定式所表示的动作将要发生,且句


子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者,


此时不


定式须用主动式。例如:




With


a


lot


of


difficult


problems


___________




the newly- elected president


is having a hard time




2002


上海高考)




A



settled



B



settling



C



to settle D



being


settled



With several meetings to attend



he couldn't


go to the Great Wall with us



由于有几次会议


要参加,所以他不能和我们一起去长城了。< /p>




Without two members to come



we'd better


not start the meeting


.还有两位成员 未到,


我们最好先别开始开会。



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