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河北科技师范学院
本科毕业论文外文翻译
关于文化旅游节庆的影响
院
（
系
、
部
）
名
称
：
工
商
管
理
学
院
专
业
名
称
：
旅
游
管
理
学
生
姓
名
：
学
生
学
号
：
指
导
教
师
：
2012
年
12
月
28
日
河北科技师范学院教务处制
河北科技师范学院
2013
届本科毕业论文
The Impact of Festivals on Cultural
Tourism
Author:
Razaq Raj
Introduction
Today
festivals
are
considered
to
contribute
significantly
to
the
cultural
and
economic
development
wealth
of
the
United
Kingdom.
The
festivals
have
major
impact
on
the
development
of
cultural
tourism
to
the
host
communities.
The
festival
organisers
are
now
using
the
historical
and
cultural
themes
to
develop
the
annual
events
to
attract
visitors
and
creating cultural image
in the host cities by holding festivals in the
community settings. The
desire for
festivals and events is not specifically designed
to
address the needs for any one
particular
group.
The
hosting
of
events
are
often
developed
because
of
the
tourism
and
economic
opportunities
addition
to
social
and
cultural
benefits.
Many
researchers
have
contested that
localcommunities plays vital role in development
of tourism through festivals.
Events
have
the
potential
to
generate
a
vast
amount
of
tourism
when
they
caterto
out-of-region
visitors
grants
or
sponsorships(Getz,1997)of
direct
or
indirect
intent.
The
government
now
support
and
promote
events
as
part
of
their
strategies
for
economic
development
nation building and cultural
tourism.
The events
in
turn are seen as
important
tool
for
attracting
visitors
and
building
image
within
different
communities.
According
to
Stiernstrand(1996),the economic impact
of tourism
arises
principally from the consumption
of
tourism
products
in
a
geographical
ing
to
McDonnell
Allen
and
O?
Toole(1999),tourism
related
services
which
include
travel,accommodation,
restaurants,
shopping are
the major beneficiaries ofthe event.
As far as events and tourism is
concerned, the roles and responsibilities of
governments
as well private sector and
society in general have significantly changed over
the last decade.
The
situation
have
been
changed
where
the
state
had
the
key
responsibility
for
tourism
development and
promotion to a world where the public sector is
obliged to reinvent itself by
relinquishing of its traditional
responsibilities and activities in favour of both
provincial/ state
and local
authorities. This indicates the growing influence
on the behaviour of governments
and
business
in
general
of
development
of
event
and
tourism
industries.
This
suggests
that
festivals impact on the host population
and stakeholders in a number of ways. These
factors
are
primarily
concerned
with
social
and
cultural,
physical
and
environmental,
political
and
economic impacts, and can be both
positive and negative.
This
paper
initially
reviews
literature
related
to
the
cultural
tourism
and
the
role
of
festivals in the creation
of opportunities for community orientated events
and festivals which
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河北科技师范学院
2013
届本科毕业论文
contrast
with
tourist
orientated
events
which
have
tenuous
links
with
local
communities.
Moreover paper
will argue that community based events and
festivals provide an opportunity
for
the celebration of local identity and community
empowerment and create tourism for the
local area.
The
case
studies
within
this
paper
explore
the
development
of
cultural
tourism
and
multi-cultural festivals
and events with the UK and the positive
contribution that these events
play in
solidifying community relations with development
of the cultural tourism.
Cultural Tourism
Cultural tourism is defined by Tourism
industry professionals as
experiencing
the arts, heritage and special character of a
place.
the importance that individual
people place on local and national social
organisations, such as
local
governments,
education
institutions,religious
communities,
work
and
leisure.
Cultural
tourism
describes
tourist
the
once
who
take
part
in
the
cultural
activities
while
away
from
their
home
cities.
Cultural
tourism
is
that
form
of
tourism
whose
purpose
is
to
discover
heritage sites and
cultural monuments on their travels. Garrison
Keillor (1995)in an address to
the
White
House
Conference
on
Travel
and
Tourism,
best
described
cultural
tourism
by
saying
,
need
to
think
about
cultural
tourism
because
really
there
is
no
other
kind
of
tourism. Its what tourism
is...People dont come to America for our
airports,people don't come
to
America
for
our
hotels
or
the
recreation
facilities....They
come
for
our
culture:
high
culture
,low
culture,
middle
culture
,right
,left,
real
or
imagined--
they
come
here
to
see
America.
The
theme
of
culture
has
grown
over
the
last
two
decades
but
not
clear
definition
of
culture
has
accepted
by
the
community
has
whole.
The
culture
in
modern
day
is
seen
as
a
product
by the governments
large
organisations and individual
people to
develop
their own
standings
in the given market. Wyman states that culture
plays important part in the society:
is important to remember
that culture, too, is an essential element of a
healthy society. It's not
an either-or
situation. Health is necessary for life; culture
makes life worth living....
Moreover
,cultural
tourism
relates
to
those
individual
groups
of
people
who
travel
around
the
world
,individual
country,
local
community
and
individual
events
that
seeks
to
experience a heritage, religious and
art sites to develop knowledge of different
communities,
way of life. This can
include a very wide range of cultural tourist
experience. It can include,
for
example,
performing
arts,
festivals
visits
to
historic
sites
and
monument,
education
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2013
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tours ,museums ,natural
heritage sites and religious festivals.
Development of Cultural
Tourism through Festivals
The
festivals
have
changed
over
the
years
,before
festivals
were
associated
with
key
calendar
moments,
linked
specifically
to
particular
seasons
and
heritage
the
last
decade
these have been changed and developed upon, there
is now a broad and diverse range
of
festivals events taking place all over the world.
Getz(1997 p.1) introduces festivals events
as a:
“Events
constitute one of the most exciting and fastest
growing forms of leisure,business,
and
tourism-
related phenomena.”
Goldblatt (2002 p.1) introduces
festivals events as a:
“Kaleidoscope
of
planned
culture
,sport
,political
,and
business
occasions:
from
mega-events like Olympics and World
fairs to community festivals; from programs of
events
at parks and attractions to
visits by dignitaries and intergovernmental
assembles; from small
meetings and
parties to huge conventions and competitions.”
The revolution in
festivals has been stimulated through
commercial aspect to meet the
changing
demand of the local community groups and
increasing business opportunities for the
events
organisations
and
local
businesses.
Festivals
play
a
major
part
in
a
city
and
local
community.
Festivals
are
attractive
to
host
communities
,because
it
helps
to
develop
local
pride
and
identity
for
the
local
addition,
festivals
have
an
important
role
in
the
national
and
host
community
in
context
of
destination
planning
,enhancing
and
linking
tourism and
commerce. Some aspects of this role include:
events as image makers, economic
impact
generators,tourist attractions, overcoming
seasonality, contributing to the development
of local communities and businesses
,and supporting key industrial sectors.
The festival organisers are
now using the historical and cultural themes to
develop the
annual
events
to
attract
visitors
and
creating
cultural
image
in
the
host
cities
by
holding
festivals
in
the
community
settings.
Festivals
provide
an
opportunity
for
the
local
communities
to
develop
and
share
their
culture,
which
create
a
sense
of
values
and
beliefs
held
by
the
individuals
in
a
local
community
and
provide
opportunity
for
members
of
the
local community to exchanges
experiences and information. Festivals provide the
tourist the
opportunity to see how the
local communities celebrate their culture and how
this effects the
community
development
,it
also
helps
the
visitors
to
interact
with
the
host
community
and
help people to enjoy and
meet their leisure needs.
The peoples and communities that host
the festival provide the visitors with a vibrant
and
valuable
culture.
In
addition
culture
is
the
personal
expression
of
community
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河北科技师范学院
2013
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heritage
,community
perspective,
it
provides
cultural
opportunities
for
the
visitors
to
enjoy
and
experience local illumination and culture. The
festivals also provide support to those who
pursue
economic
opportunity
related
to
sharing
community
culture
with
the
broader
world.
UNEP (2002) suggest
that the culture tourism is boosted through the
development of festivals
and events.
Tourism can add to the vitality of communities in
many ways. One example is that
events
and festivals of which local residents have been
the primary participants and spectators
are often rejuvenated and developed in
response to tourist interest.
Impact of Festivals on Host community
The event organisers do not
take into account the social and environmental
impact in to
consideration.
It
is
argued
that
there
is
a
clear
need
to
adopt
a
holistic
approach:
In
any
location,harmony
must
be
sought
between
the
needs
of
the
visitor,the
place
and
the
host
community (English
Heritage 2000 p.29).
Host
communities play a major role when running a major
sporting event or any other
large
scale
events.
Also
major
sporting
events
play
a
major
role
in
host
communities.
The
work of Getz (1997) was concerned with
the
event
manager
gaining support and
resources
from the host
community, while also looking at the local
benefits and costs, cultural meanings
of their event and also the political
factors.
If all this is
taken into consideration then it can lead to a
good event and even a good
relationship
between event and local community.
A problem a host community may have
with the event is the influx of people and it
being
unable
to
cope.
This
may
have
a
knock
on
effect
in
terms
of
traffic
congestion,
crime
and
vandalism.
Also
Smith
(1989)
tells
of
how
the
socio-cultural
impacts
result
from
the
interaction between ?hosts? and
?guests?. A number of factors may contribute to
difficulties in
this relationship. The
transitory nature of a visit to a historic centre
may be too short to allow
any
understanding
to
be
established.
Repeat
visits
may
be
more
positive
in
this
context.
Visitors especially those on day
visits,have temporal constraints and become more
intolerant
of ?wasting time? ,for
example in finding somewhere to park. Spontaneity
may break down as
?hospitality?becomes
a repetitive transaction for the host (Glasson et
al 1995 pp.34
-5).
However they can intern have increased
tourism over the time of the event,then due to
the
exposure
,have
short-term
or
long-term
tourism
due
to
the
attention the
event
has
been
given.
The
impacts
of
events
can
greatly
affect
the
quality
of
life
of
the
local
ore
it
is
been
argued
to
adopt
strategies
to
take
into
control
the
social
and
environmental
impacts
of
festivals
into
analysis
when
carrying
out
economic
impact
of
the
4