跨文化交际 资料整理

considerateness

高度体谅

< /p>

⑤言语交际方式

:1

）

< br>person-oriented /status-oriented verbal styles

：

=individual-centered verbal mode

，

emphasizes the importance of informality & role suspension

symmetrical

interaction

respecting

unique,

personal

identity

/

=

role-centered

verbal

mode

，

formality& large power distance

，

asymmet rical

，

honoring prescribed power-based membership

identities

2

）

Self- enhancement

(boasting

about

one

’

s

accomplishments

and

abilities)

/

Self- effacement

(emphasizes

the

importance

of

humbling

verbal

restraints,

modest

talk)

⑥

非言语交际作用

:

repeating,

complementing,

substituting,

regulating,

contradicting

。

。

nonverbal

behavior functions as a culturally rule-governed communication system. The rules are governed

by culture,and the rules and nonverbal behavior differ among cultures.

·高低语境

high-context

(Mexico, Japan, the Middle East)

/ low- context

(Germany, UK, US)

:

①定义：

A

high- context

(HC)

communication

or

message

is

one

in

which

most

of

the

information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the

coded,

explicit,

transmitted

part

of

the

massage.

A

low- context

(LC)

communication

is

just

the

opposite;

i.e.,

the

mass

of

information

is

vested

in

the

explicit

code.

< /p>

②

features

：

< br>low-context

emphasizes

direct

talk,

person-oriented

focus,

self-enhancement

mode,

and

the

importance

of

talk.//high-context

,stresses

indirect

talk,

status-oriented

focus,

self-effacement

mode,

and

the

importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.

·孔子

confucianism:

is not a religion but a set of practical principles and ethical rules for daily

life.

①

social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people.(leader and

follower,

father

and

son,

husband

and

wife,

older

brother

and

younger

brother,

friends)

②

the

family is the prototype for all social relationships

③

proper social behavior consists of not treating

others

as

you

would

not

like

to

be

treated

yourself

④

people

should

be

skilled,

educated,

hardworking, thrity, modest, patient, and persevering.

·

the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:

A hypothesis holding that the structure of a language affects the

perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews. It

alerted people to the fact that language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a people

’

s

view of its total environment.

·

stereotype:

is

a

fixed

notion

about

persons

in

a

certain

category,

with

no

distinctions

made

among

individuals.

In

other

words,

it

is an overgeneralized

and oversimplified

belief

we

use

to

categorize a group of people.

·

prejudice:

an attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions.

包括

verbal abuse, physical

avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, massacre.

如何解决：

we suggest that empathy is the

main communication skill we should learn. Empathic persons know how to show understanding

by

projecting

themselves

into

their

partner

’

s

position.

This

means

that

to

be

empathic

in

intercultural

interactions

we

need

to

be

openminded

in

terms

of

information

sharings,

to

be

imaginative

in

correctly

drawing

the

picture

of

other

’

s

situation,

and

to

show

a

commitment

or

strong willingness to understand our culturally different partners in any kind of situation.

·适应新文化：

adapting to new cultures involves first working through culture shock.

①

do not

become over-reactionary

②

meet new people

③

try new things

④

give yourself periods of rest

and thought

⑤

work on your self-concept

⑥

write

⑦

observe body language

⑧

learn the verbal

language.

·

ethnocentrism:

belief in the intrinsic superiority of the nation, culture, or group to which one

belongs,

often

accompainied

by

feelings

of

dislike

for

other

groups.

如何克服：

①

to

avoid

complicating

the

already

difficult

task

of

intercultural

communication,

participants

in

a

cross-cultural

situation

need

to

consider

first

the

possibility

that

a

negative

evaluation

might

be

based

on

an

unrecognized

cultural

difference.

Each

person

needs

to

be

aware

that

he

or

she

is

evaluating

the

other,

often

on

similarly

ethnocentric

grounds.

②

cultural

self- awareness

is

necessary, as is some knowledge of predominant patterns in the target culture and their variations.

·

Identify the contrast between high-context and low-context culture and

then use it to interpret the difference between American and Japanese or

Chinese negotiating style?

①

Negotiation atmosphere

American

: efficient, professionalism

（职业精神）

and

compromise(

妥

协

，

让

步

)

Japanese:

socializing,

trust

Chinese:

socialization

②

Detail

。

American:

the

facts,

written

agreements

or

contrast

Japanese:

fewer

specific

issues

and

less

detail

oriented,

brief

written

agreements

Chinese:

general written agreements

③

Communication

st yle

。

American:

more

interested

in

logical

arguments

than in the people they are dealing with dislike silence

Japanese:

encourage

covert, fragmented

Chinese:

avoid openly confront conflict

④

Cultural

variations

in

selecting

negotiators

。

American:

technical

expertise :younger negotiators are common; women are included; having

full authority to make decisions

Japanese:(Chinese):

Status, knowledge,

age, seniority

⑤

Problem-solving Process

。

American:

universal problem solvers; rational

thinking and concrete data, utilize a factual inductive style of persuasion

Japanese:

consensus-building

Chinese:

high level authorities

⑥

Organizational

Structure