英国议会制辩论赛规则(BP Debate)

出了辩手职 责和陈词目的，但无法穷尽，也非硬性规定。根据每场辩

论的具体情况，辩手可能需要履 行下表未提及的职责，陈词目的也可

能有所变化，但只要遵循“正方维护辩题、反方攻击 辩题”的规则即

可。裁判将根据各队论点的有力程度为各辩手评分，而不是简单地根

据其完成自己职责的程度评分。以下列出的职责仅供参考。

除正反方最后一名辩手（内阁党鞭和反对党党鞭）外，所有的辩

手都 应引入新内容。除正方一辩（首相）外，所有辩手都应进行反

驳。

辩手职责及义务小结

队伍

辩手

职责与义务

正方一队

首相

正方一队的首要任务是为一场有

意义的辩论打造一个平台。

首相的职责可参考以下数点：

1)

合理诠释辩题，下定义；

2

）

给

出

支

持

该

论

点的

论

证

系。论证体系是指支持第一正方论点

的一个或数 个论据；

3)

使用任何首相认为重要的策

略。

First

―Prime

Proposition

Minister‖

The

primary

role

of

First

Proposition

team,

initiated

in

this

speech,

is

to

establish

the

foundation

for

meaningful

debate on the motion.

The

Prime

Minister’s

responsibilities

may

include

some

or

all

of

the

following:

1)

offer

a

reasonable

interpretation

of

the

motion,

2)

to

present

a

case

supporting

that

interpretation.

A case

is simply one or

more

arguments

supporting

the

First

Proposition’s

interpretation

of

the

motion, and

3) other strategies deemed

important by

the Prime Minister.

First

―Leader of

Opposition

the

Opposition‖

First

―Deputy

Proposition

Prime

Minister‖

The primary roles of the First

Opposition team are to confront the

First Government’s case and to

establish the First Opposition’s

strategy

for opposing this case.

The Leader of the Opposition’s

responsibilities may include some or all

of the following::

1) to directly or indirectly refute part or

all of the government's case,

2) to make at least one argument that

demonstrates why the First Opposition

team opposes the motion as interpreted

by the Prime Minister, and

3) to pursue other strategies deemed

important by the ―Leader of the

Opposition.‖

The opposition speaker may also

challenge the interpretation of the

government's case if it is unreasonable,

that is, if it completely misinterprets the

motion the motion or severely inhibits

meaningful debate.

The

Deputy

Prime

Min

ister’s

responsibilities

may

include some or all

of the following:

1)

to

reestablish

the

First

Proposition’s

case

by

confronting

any

refutation

presented

by

the

Leader

of

the

Opposition,

2) to refute some or all of the arguments

presented

by

the

Leader

of

the

Opposition.

反方一队

反对党领袖

正方一队

副首相

反方一队的首要职责在于回应 正

方一队提出的论证体系；并给出反对

辩题的原因。

反对党领袖的职责可参考以下数

点：

1)

直接 或间接反

驳正方部分或

全部论证体系；

2)

至少给出一个理由，阐明反方< /p>

为何反对首相诠释的辩题；

3

）

使用任何反对党领袖认为重

要的策略。

必要时 ，反对党领袖可以质疑正

方给出的辩题定义，如正方给出定义

完 全不合理或严重影响辩论质量。质

疑定义只能正方在极端曲解辩题时使

< br>用。

副首相的职责参考如下：

1)

攻击反对党领袖对正方提出的 反

驳，并重新建立起正方论据；

2)

反

驳

反

方

提

出

的

部

分

或

所

有

论

据；

3) to

further develop the case presented

by the Prime Minister, and

4) other strategies deemed

important by

the Deputy Prime Minister.

First

The

Deputy Leader of the Opposition’s

Opposition

Leader of the

responsibilities

may

include some or all

Opposition

of the following:

1) to continue refutation initiated by the

Leader of the Opposition,

2)

to

reestablish

the

Leader

of

Opposition’s

arguments

against

the

motion,

3) to initiate a new argument against the

motion

as

interpreted

by

the

First

Proposition team, and

4)

to

purse

other

strategies

as

deemed

important

by

the

Deputy

Leader

of

the

Opposition.

Second

―Member

of

The

primary

roles

of

the

Second

Proposition

the

Proposition

team

are

to

support

the

Government‖

First

Proposition

team

while

simultaneously

moving

the

proposition

position in a new and positive direction.

The

responsibilities

of

the

Member

of

the

Government

may

include

some

or

all of the following:

1) to briefly support the case developed

by the First Proposition team,

2)

to

introduce

a

different

argument,

sometimes

called

a

―case

extension‖

which

is

consistent

with

yet

different

from

the

case

introduced

by

the

First

Proposition team, and

3)

to

pursue

other

strategies

deemed

3)

深入阐释

正方论证体系；

4)

使用任何副首相认为重要的其它

策略。

反方一队

反

对

党

副

领

反对 党副领袖的职责参考如下：

袖

1)

继续反驳正方论据；

2)

重

申

反

对

党

领

袖

反

对

辩

题

的

论

据；

3)

继续阐释反方一队反对辩题的理

由；

4)

使用任何反对党副领袖认为重 要

的其它策略。

正方二队

内阁成员

正方二队的基本职责是支持 正方

一队的观点，同时提出己方新的论据

支持辩题。正方二队应 在不抛弃正方

一队论点的基础上形成和发展自己独

立的论证。< /p>

内阁成员的职责参考如下：

1)

简要支持正方一队的观点；

2)

阐释

一个或数个独立的、与正方

一队不重复的论点；

3)

使用任何政府成员认为重要的策

略。

important

by

the

Member

of

the

Government.

Second

―Member of

The

primary

roles

of

the

Second

Opposition

the

Opposition team are to support the First

Opposition‖

Opposition

team

while

simultaneously

moving

the

opposition

position

in

a

new and positive direction.

The

responsibilities

of

the

Member

of

the Opposition

may

include some or all

of

the

following:

1)

to

briefly

support

one

or

more

arguments

introduced

by

the First Opposition team,

2)

to

introduce

direct

and/or

indirect

refutation

to

the

case

extension

presented

by

the

Member

of

Government,

3)

to

introduce

some

new

argument,

compatible with, but different

from that

of the First Opposition Team, and

4)

to

pursue

other

strategies

deemed

important

by

the

Member

of

Opposition.

Second

―Government

The

responsibilities

of

the

Government

Proposition

Whip‖

Whip

may

include

some

or

all

of

the

following:

1)

to

support

any

new

arguments

introduced

by

the

Member

of

Government,

2)

to

reply

to

any

new

arguments

introduced

by

the

Member

of

Opposition,

3)

to

summarize

the

debate

from

the

perspective

of

the

Proposition

Teams,

especially

from

that

of

the

Second

反方二队

反对党成员

反方二队的基本职责是支 持反方

一队的观点，同时提出新的论据反对

辩题。反方二队应在 不抛弃反方一队

论点的基础上形成和发展自己独立的

论证。

反对党成员的职责参考如下：

1)

简要支持第一反方的观点；

2)

直接或间接反驳内阁成员引

入的 新论点；

3)

阐释

一个或数个独立的、与

第一反方不重复的论点；

4)

使用任何反对党成员认为重

要的策略。

内阁党鞭的职责参考如下：

1)

维护政府成员提出的新论点；

2)

回

应

反

对

党

成

员

提

出

的

新

论

点；

3)

从 正方（特别是正方二队）的

角度总结整场辩论；

正方二队

内阁党鞭

Second

―Opposition

Opposition

Whip‖

Proposition team, and

4)

to

pursue

other

strategies

deemed

important by the Government Whip.

The

Government

Whip

should

not

introduce

new

arguments

into

the

debate.

The

responsibilities

of

the

Opposition

Whip

may

include

some

or

all

of

the

following:

1)

to

support

any

new

arguments

introduced

by

the

Member

of

Opposition,

2)

to

reply

to

any

new

arguments

introduced

by

the

Member

of

Government,

3)

to

summarize

the

debate

from

the

perspective

of

the

Proposition

Teams,

especially

from

that

of

the

Second

Opposition team, and

4)

to

pursue

other

strategies

deemed

important by the Opposition Whip.

4)

使用任何正方陈词认为重要的

策略。

内阁党鞭除反驳反对党成员提出的

论 点外，不可引入任何新论点。

反方二队

反对党党鞭

反对党党鞭的职责参考如下：

1)

维

护

反

对

党

成

员

提

出

的

新

论

点；

2)

回应政府成员提出的新论点；

3)

从反方（特别是第二反方）的

角度总结整场辩论；

4)

使用任何反对党党鞭认为重要

的策略；

反方陈词不可引入任何新论点。

评判标准

议会制四队辩论赛通常由一个裁判小组来评判，这些裁判都受过

专门的训练，懂得如何评 判此种辩论。辩论后，四支队伍从第一至第

四的排名可见分晓。每队每位辩手将根据各自 的表现获得相应分数，

把每队辩手的分数相加就得到了这队的总分。

裁判们将首先评定各队的排名，主要依据每队论证的质量。裁判

可以评判论证的力度、跟其他队的论证相比所发挥的作用以及对证明

或反驳该辩题的重要 性。每队的排名可根据其总体表现和在以下方面

做出的贡献来评定，如对辩论中各议题的 影响、对辩论大方向的引导

Adjudication

Four-team parliamentary debates

typically are

judged by a panel of

adjudicators

trained

to judge this

form of debate. Following

the debate,

each of the

four teams

is ranked

first through

fourth and each speaker on

each

team

is

assigned

a

certain

number

of

speaker

points

for

his

or

her

efforts.

The

members’

speaker

points

then

are

combined

for

the

team’s

points.

The

primary

decision

made

by

the

adjudicators

is

the

ranking

of

teams.

The

determination

of

a

team’s

ranking

is

made

primarily

on

the

assessment

of

that

team’s arguments.

The adjudicators

may evaluate the

strength of

arguments,

the

function of

the arguments relative to those of

other teams or the importance of particular arguments to the teams’ effort

to prove or disprove the

motion. The ranking of each

team

may also be

和辩论质量的提升。

based

on

that

team’s

effort,

considering

that

team’s

influence

over

the

issues in the debate, each team’s contribution to the general direction and

quality of the debate, as well as the team’s overall performance.

The adjudicators

will

make

a secondary decision about

the

number

of points each speaker receives. Typically, points are awarded on a 100-

point

scale

with

a

70

being

average.

Ordinarily,

the

range

of

points

is

between

55

and

85

points,

with

points

awarded

outside

this

range

only

for extreme examples of high quality or low quality speeches.

If

the

tournament

uses

consensus

judging,

the

adju dicators

—

typically a panel of three adjudicators

led by a

more experienced chair

—

discuss

the

round

and

attempt

to

reach

consensus

on

the

decisions

described

above.

If

the

panel

cannot

reach

consensus,

the

will

of

the

majority

will

prevail.

Following

the

adjudication,

the

Chair

typically

offers a brief oral adjudication that explains how the panel arrived at their

rankings

and

offers

constructive

feedback

for

the

debaters.

If

the

tournament does

not

use consensus judging, each judge will

reach

his or

her

decision

independently

,

without

discussion

and

these

independent

decisions will be tallied by the tournament director.

裁判们进一步评定每位辩手的分数。典型的评分制度是，满分

100

分，

70

分是平均分。得分范围通常在

55

到

85

间 ，只有辩论水平

极高或极差，才会得到这一范围之外的分数。

如果比 赛采用“共识评分制”

，裁判团（通常由三位组成，其中经

验最 丰富者担任主席）进行讨论，并尽力就各自之前做出的两种评定

达成共识。如果裁判组无 法达成共识，则采纳多数意见。评判结束

后，主席通常会做出简单的口头评判，以解释裁 判团如何确定各队的

排名，并为辩手们提供建设性的反馈意见。如果比赛不采用“共识评

分制”

，那么每位裁判独立评判，不进行讨论，这些独立的评分 由赛事

总监计算和统计。

Interpreting a Motion

解释一个辩题

Principles of Interpreting a Motion

解释辩题的原则

I.

II.

列出立论的框架

A

．该框架必须与辩题保持一致

B.

该框架通常包含一项由正方提出并证明可行的方案。

1.

< /p>

执行者：该方案由谁执行？个人、团体、国家或

是国际组织，等等 。

2.

行动：执行者应该采取什么样的政策？

III.

确保该框架的“合理性”

。 判断这一点可以看一个有智慧、有

能力的人是否觉得这一辩题所构建的框架近乎合理。< /p>

定义有可能产生不同意义的词汇。

I.

II.

III

Define any ambiguous terms

Outline a framework within which the debate will take place.

A.

B.

This framework should be consistent with the motion

This

framework

ordinarily

will

include

a

proposed

action that the proposition team will defend.

1.

Actor:

Who

should

take

this

action?

Person,

group, state, international organization, etc.

Action:

What

policy

should

this

actor

undertake?

2.

The

framework

should

be

a

―reasonable‖

one

for

debate.

Would

an

intelligent

and

competent

person

agree

that

this

framework is a reasonable approximation of the motion.

Example of Interpreting a Motion

Motion:

示例：解释辩题

辩题：中华人民共和国应强化保障工人安全的政策。

定义：大多数词汇的定义都是清晰 的。我们把“强化”定义为

“加大力度”

。因此，这个辩题要求 先介绍现有政策，再讨论如何

加大力度。

框架：该辩题框架如下。

A.

执行者：中华人民共和国

B.

行动方案：制定法律要求煤矿经 营者赔偿每名死难

矿工家庭一百万元人民币。

The PRC should strengthen policies

to enhance worker

safety

.

Definitions:

Most

definitions

are

clear.

We

define

―strengthen‖

as

―to

make

stronger.‖

Therefore

the

motion

a

sks

for

a

policy

that

begins

with

a

current

policy

and

makes

it

stronger.

Framework:

The

framework

for

this

debate

will

be

the

following

policy proposal./

A.

Actor:

The Peoples’ Republic of China

B.

Action:Enact

legislation

requiring

coal

miner

operators

to

pay

families

of

coal

miners

killed

in

workplace

accidents 1,000,000 Yuan each.

Student Exercises for Interpreting a Motion

I.

II.

Divide students into small groups.

Select

a

different

motion

and

ask

groups

students

to

construct

reasonable interpretations of that motion.

练习

:

解释辩题

I.

将学生分成若干小组。

II.

选择不同辩题，要求各组学生 对各自辩题进行合理的解

释。

III.

每组选出一名代表在全班范围内讨论他们对辩题的解释。

III.

Each group will appoint a spokesperson to discuss their

interpretation with the larger group.

Principles of Constructing a Case for the Proposition

I.

II.

C.

III.

Benefits:

Will

the

action

proposed

by

the

affirmative

team

be

of

any

benefit?

Will

it

solve

or

alleviate

the

problems occurring because of the current policy?

A

case

for

the

proposition

is

one

or

more

arguments

that

support the framework presented by the proposition team.

Necessity

–

Policy

–

Benefits method of organization

A.

B.

Necessity:

Is

there

a

need

for

changing

the

current

policy? Does the current policy create problems?

Policy:

Present

the

action

that

the

proposition

team

proposes as an alternative to the current policy

.

Comparative Advantage Method of Organization

A.

B.

Policy:

Present

the

action

that

the

proposition

team

proposes as an alternative to the current policy

.

Advantages:

Show

how

one

or

more

advantages

will

result

by

replacing

the

current

policy

with

the

alternative action proposed by the proposition team.

1.

Show

that

the

proposed

action

creates

some

effect.

2.

Show that the effect has desirable consequences.

正方立论的基本原则

I

．

正方立 论需要提出一个以上的论点已构成立论

框架

II

．

“必 要性

-

方案

-

好处”

结构法

A.

必要性：是否有必要改变现行政策？

现行政

策是否产生了问题？

B.

方案：正方提出一个可取代现行政策的方案。

C.

好处：正方的提案有何好处？它会解决或缓解

现行政策引发的问 题吗？

III

．

优势比较法

A.

方案：正方提出一个可取代现行政策的方案。

B.

优势：显示出正方提案将有何收效。

1.

举出新方案产生的效应。

2.

举出这些效应引发的积极影响。

Example of a Case for a Proposition

Necessity

–

Policy

–

Benef its Method

The PRC should strengthen policies to enhance worker safety

.

I.

Necessity

.

A.

Coal

mine deaths are significant. At

least 3,800 people

died in the PRC from coal mine accidents last year.

B.

Coal

mine

deaths

are

out

of

proportion

in

the

PRC.

China produces 35% of the world's coal

yet

has 80% of

the world's coal miners' deaths.

C.

Current

policy

is

to

pay

200,000

yuan

to

families

of

deceased coal miners.

II.

Policy

. We

propose

that

The

People's

Republic

of

China

enact

legislation

requiring

coal

mine

operators

to

pay

the

families

of

coal

miners

killed

in

workplace

accidents 1,000,000 yuan each.

III.

Benefits:

Fewer miners will die.

A.

Our

policy

increases

the

economic

penalty

for

miner

death by five times.

B.

This

increase

will

provide

an

economic

incentive

for

companies to improve workplace safety

.

示例：

“必要性

-

方案

-

好处”结构法

辩题：中华人民共和国应该加强保障工人安全的政策。

I.

必要性。

A.

煤矿工人死亡人数众多。去年至少

3,800

名矿工死

于矿难事故。

B.

中国的煤矿产量和工人死亡人 数比例反常。中国煤

矿产量占世界

35%

，但矿工死亡数占世界

80%

。

C.

现行政策是给已故矿工的家庭 支付

200,000

元人民

币。

II.

方案。 我们提议，立法规定，赔偿金额应增至

1,000,000

元人 民币。

III.

好处：矿工死亡人数将会减少。

A.

该提案加大处罚力度，将赔偿金额提高到原来的

五倍。