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Linguistic Terms

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2021-02-10 22:30
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2021年2月10日发(作者:俏皮)


A List of Terms of Linguistics for General Revision


































-------By A


The father of modern linguistics: Ferdinand de Saussure


Systemic-functional grammar: M.A.K. Halliday


(选择题可能考到语言学家相关知识,要稍作了解哈)



Design features of language:


1.



arbitrariness:


the


forms


of


linguistic


signs


bear


no


natural


relationship


to


their meaning. (That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as


sweet.-----William Shakespeare)


2.



symbolicity: language contains a lot of linguistic symbols with meaning to be


organized


in


sentences.


A


symbol


indicates


its


object


or


quality


in


communication.


3.



Duality: duality is the property of having two levels of structures, such that


units


of


the


primary


level


are


composed


of


elements


of


the


secondary


level


and each of two levels has its own principles of organization.


4.



Productivity: (



creativity)


5.



creativity: Creativity means language is resourceful because of its duality and


its recursiveness, (which enables human beings to produce and understand an


infinitely


large


number


of


sentences


in


our


native


language,


including


the


sentences which were never heard before.) this property of human language


has also been termed as productivity.



6.



Displacement: displacement means that human languages enable their users


to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and


space) at the moment of communication.



7.



cultural transmission: human language is passed on from one generation to


the


next


through


teaching


and


learning,


rather


than


by


instinct


or


through


heredity.


8.



vocality: Language is first and foremost vocal



people first speak and hear


messages


shaped


in


sounds.


The


primary


medium


of


language


is


vocal




in


sound forms.



Functions of language:


1.



informative:


Language


is


used


to


convey


thoughts,


opinions,


and


ideas.


For


most


people


this


function


is


predominantly


the


major


role


of


language.


(Declarative sentences often serve this function.)


2.



interrogative: language is used to ask for information.


3.



directive: language is used to get the hearer to do something so the current


situation can be changed. (Most imperative sentences serve this function.)


4.



commissive: the speaker promises to do something.


5.



emotive


(evocative


and


expressive):


language


is


used


both


for


arousing


feelings


and


expressing


feelings.


(It


is


one


of


the


most


powerful


uses


of


language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience


for or against someone or something.)


6.



phatic


(interpersonal):


language


is


used


to


establish


an


atmosphere


or


to


maintain


social


contact


between


the


speaker


and


the


hearer.(slangs,


jokes,


jargons, ritualistic exchanges, and so on.)



Basic terms (


课本


P10-P11):


1.



descriptive / prescriptive


2.



synchronic / diachoronic


3.



langue / parole


4.



competence / performance



Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of speech sounds, specifically on its


production, transmission and perception. (


学会


describe consonants and vowels


)


1.



position of utterance/articulation (


发音部位



课本


P16)


2.



manner of utterance/articulation


(发音方式



课本


P17




3.



articulatory phonetics: The study of the production of speech sounds.


4.



acoustic phonetics: The study of the physical properties of speech sounds.


5.



auditory phonetics: The study of the perception of speech sounds.


6.



division of phones




Phonology:


the


study


of


sound


patterns,


and


sound


systems.


It


studies


how


speech


sounds


in


a


language


form


patterns


and


how


these


sounds


are


used


to


convey meaning in linguistic communication.


1.



phoneme


(音位)


:


Phoneme


is


an


abstract


phonological


unit


that


is


of


distinctive value. In other words, ?unit of explicit sound contrast‘.



(


补充理解:


phone


(音素)


:


It


is


a


basic


unit


of


phonetic


study,


and


it


is


a


minimal sound segment that human speech organ can produce. )


2.



allophone


(音位变体)


: The different phones representing a phoneme (/The


different


realizations


of


the


same


phoneme)


in


different


phonetic


environments are called its allophones.




3.



suprasegmental features: Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech


that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals


are: syllable, stress, tone, and intonation


4.



minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for


one


sound


segment


which


occurs


in


the


same


place


in


the


strings,


the


two


sounds are said to form minimal pairs



最小对立对)


. (When a group of words


can


be


differentiated,


each


one


from


the


other,


by


changing


one


phoneme


(always in the same position), then we have a minimal set.


最小对立组


)


5.



stress



Stress


refers


to


the


degree


of


force


used


in


producing


a


syllable.


In


transcription, a raised vertical line [



] is often used just before the syllable


it relates to.


6.



assimilation: When two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one


phoneme


is


taken


or


?


copied




by


the


other,


the


process


is


known


as


assimilation.

-


-


-


-


-


-


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