-
Chapter 4
1.
Syntax
Syntax is the study of
rules governing the ways different
constituents are combined to form
sentence in a language, or the
study of
the interrelation between elements in sentence
structure.
It
studies
the
rules
that
govern
the
formation
of
sentences.
Syntax is a brand
of linguistics that studies the rules that govern
the formation of sentences.
Syntactic Relation:
a.
Positional
relation (word order) is a manifestation of one
aspect
of
syntagmatic
relation,
also
called
horizontal
relation or chain
relation
b.
Relation
of
substitutability
refers
to
classes
or
sets
of
word
substitutable
for
each
other
grammatically
in
sentences with the same structure. It
refers to groups of
more than one word
which may be jointly substitutable
grammatically
for
a
single
word
of
a
particular
set.
It
called
associative
relations,
vertical
relations,
choice
relations.
c.
Relation of
co-occurrence
2
．
Grammatical
construction (construct)
The boy ate the apple.
A: the boy
B and C: ate the apple
A:
external
B and
C: internal (immediate constituent)
To
dismantle
a
grammatical
construction
in
this
way
is
called
immediate
constituent
in
this
way
is
called
immediate
constituent
analysis or IC analysis.
3.
Endocentric
construction
is
one
whose
distribution
is
functionally
equivalent
to
that
of
one
or
more
of
its
constituent.
Exocentric
construction
is
a
group
of
syntactically
related
words where none of the words is
functionally equivalent to
the group as
a whole.
4.
Coordination
is
a
common
syntactic
pattern
in
English
and
other
languages
formed
by
grouping
together
two
or
more
categories
of
the
same
type
with
the
help
of
a
conjunction.
(and ,but, or)
Subordination
refer
to
the
process
or
result
of
linking
linguistic
units
so
that
they
have
different
syntactic
status,
one being dependent
upon the other, and usually a constituent
of the other.
5.
Syntactic function shows the
relationship between a linguistic
form
and
other
parts
of
the
linguistic
pattern
in
which
it
is
used.
a.
Subject refers to one of the nouns in
the nominative case.
It
includes
grammatical
subject
and
logical
subject.
Its
characteristics
include
word
order,
pro-forms,
agreement
with verb content
question, tag question
b.
Predicate
refers
to
a
major
constituent
of
sentence
structure
in
a
binary
analysis
in
which
all
obligatory
constituents
other
than
the
subject
were
considered
together.
c.
Object include
direct object and indirect object
6.
Category
refers
to
classes
and
functions
in
its
narrow
sense
and refers to the defining properties
of these general units.
a.
Number is a grammatical category used
for the analysis of
word
classes
displaying
such
contrasts
as
singular,
dual,
plural.
b.
Gender
display
such
contrasts
as
masculine,
feminine,
neuter.
c.
Case is used in the analysis of word
class to identify the
syntactic
relationship
between
word
in
a
sentence
accusative,
nominative, detive
d.
Agreement (concord)
7.
Phrase is a
single element of structure containing more than
one
word
and
lacking
the
subject-predicate
structure
typical
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：一年级数学上册口算题卡
下一篇：alevel数学