(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》名词解释

LINGUISTICS A COURSE BOOK

Define the following terms:

1. design feature: are features that define our human

languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity,

displacement, cultural transmission, etc.

2.

function:

the

use

of language

to

communicate,

to

think ,etc. Language functions inclucle informative

function,

interpersonal

function,

performative

function,

interpersonal

function,

performative

function,

emotive

function,

phatic

communion,

recreational function and metalingual function.

3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates

from

American

linguist

Pike’s

distinction

of

phonetics and phonemics. Being etic mans making

far

too

many,

as

well

as

behaviously

inconsequential,

differentiations,

just

as

was

ofter

the

case

with

phonetic

vx.

phonemic

analysis

in

linguistics proper.

4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates

from

American

linguist

Pike’s

distinction

of

phonetics

and

phonemics.

An

emic

set

of

speech

acts

and

events

must

be

one

that

is

validated

as

meaningful

via

final

resource

to

the

native

members

of

a

speech

community

rather

than

via

appeal

to

the

investigator’s

ingenuity

or

intuition

alone.

5.

synchronic:

a

kind

of

description

which

takes

a

fixed

instant(usually,

but

not

necessarily,

the

present),as

its

point

of

observation.

Most

grammars are of this kind.

6. diachronic: study of a language is carried through

the course of its history.

7.

prescriptive:

the

study

of

a

language

is

carried

through the course of its history.

8.

prescriptive:

a

kind

of

linguistic

study

in

which

things

are

prescribed

how

ought

to

be,

i.e.

laying

down rules for language use.

9.

descriptive:

a

kind

of

linguistic

study

in

which

things are just described.

10.

arbitrariness:

one

design

feature

of

human

language, which refers to the face that the forms of

linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their

meaning.

11.

duality:

one

design

feature

of

human

language,

which

refers

to

the

property

of

having

two

levels

of

are

composed

of

elements

of

the

secondary.

level

and

each

of

the

two

levels

has

its

own

principles of organization.

12.

displacement:

one

design

feature

of

human

language,

which

means

human

language

enable

their

users

to

symbolize

objects,

events

and

concepts which are not present c in time and space,

at the moment of communication.

13.

phatic

communion:

one

function

of

human

language, which refers to the social interaction of

language.

14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or

terms for the analysis and description of particular

studies.

15.

macrolinguistics:

he

interacting

study

between

language

and

language

-

related

disciplines

such

as

psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law

and

artificial

intelligence

etc.

Branches

of

macrolinguistics

include

psycholinguistics,

sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc.

16.

competence:

language

user’s

underlying

knowledge about the system of rules.

17.

performance:

the

actual

use

of

language

in

concrete situation.

18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.

19.

parole:

the

actual

phenomena

or

data

of

linguistics (utterances).

20. Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of

speechsounds.

21.

Coarticulation:

a

kind

of

phonetic

process

in

which

simultaneous

or

overlapping

articulations

are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided

into

anticipatory

coarticulation

and

perseverative

coarticulation.

22. V

oicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or

a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.

23.

Broad

and

narrow

transcription:

the

use

of

a

simple

set

of

symbols

in

transcription

is

called

broad

transcription;

the

use

of

a

simple

set

of

symbols

in

transcription

is

called

broad

transcription;

while,

the

use

of

more

specific

symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to

as narrow transcription.

24.

Consonant:

are

sound

segments

produced

by

constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some

place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the

flow of air in the oral cavity.

25.

Phoneme:

the

abstract

element

of

sound,

identified

as

being

distinctive

in

a

particular

language.

26.

Allophone:

any

of

the

different

forms

of

a

phoneme(e.g. is an allophone of /t/in English.

When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated

.Both

and

are

allophones

of

the

phoneme /t/.

27.

V

owel:

are

sound

segments

produced

without

such

obstruction,

so

no

turbulence

of

a

total

stopping of the air can be perceived.

28.

Manner

of

articulation;

in

the

production

of

consonants,

manner

of

articulation

refers

to

the

actual

relationship

between

the

articulators

and

thus

the

way

in

which

the

air

passes

through

certain parts of the vocal tract.

29.

Place

of

articulation:

in

the

production

of

consonants, place of articulation refers to where in

the

vocal

tract

there

is

approximation,

narrowing,

or the obstruction of air.

30.

Distinctive

features:

a

term

of

phonology,

i.e.

a

property

which

distinguishes

one

phoneme

from

another.

31. Complementary distribution: the relation between

tow

speech

sounds

that

never

occur

in

the

same

environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are

usually in complementary distribution.

32.

IPA:

the

abbreviation

of

International

Phonetic

Alphabet,

which

is

devised

by

the

International

Phonetic

Association

in

1888

then

it

has

undergoing

a

number

of

revisions.

IPA

is

a

comprised

system

employing

symbols

of

all

sources,

such

as

Roman

small

letters,

italics

uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics,

etc.

33.

Suprasegmental:

suprasegmental

features

are

those

aspects

of

speech

that

involve

more

than

single

sound

segments.

The

principal

supra

-

segmental features are syllable, stress, tone,

and intonation.

34.

Suprasegmental:

aspects

of

speech

that

involve

more

than

single

sound

segments.

The

principle

suprasegmental

features

are

syllable,

stress,

tone,

and intonation.

35. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms

of

relationship

between

expression

and

content,

a

unit that cannot be divided into further small units

without

destroying

or

drastically

altering

the

meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

36. compound only morphemic words which consist

wholly

of

free

morphemes,

such

as

classroom,

blackboard, snow

-

white, etc.

37.

inflection:

the

manifestation

of

grammatical

relationship

through

the

addition

of

inflectional

affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect

and

case,

which

do

not

change

the

grammatical

class of the stems to which they are attached.

38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative

that

can

be

used

only

when

added

to

another

morpheme(the root or stem).

39. derivation: different from compounds, derivation

shows the relation between roots and affixes.

40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further

be analyzed without total lass of identity.

41.

allomorph:

any

of

the

different

form

of

a

morpheme.

For

example,

in

English

the

plural

morpheme

is

but

it

is

pronounced

differently

in

different environments as /s/in cats, as /z/ in dogs

and

as/iz/

in

classes.

So

/s/,

/z/,

and

/iz/

are

all

allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

42

Stem:

any

morpheme

or

combination

of

morphemes

to

which

an

inflectional

affix

can

be

added.

43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which

is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,

e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.

44.

free

morpheme:

an

element

of

meaning

which

takes the form of an independent word.

45. lexeme: A separate unit of meaning, usually in the

form of a word(e.g. “dog in the manger”)

46.

lexicon:

a

list

of

all

the

words

in

a

language

assigned to various lexical categories and provided

with semantic interpretation.

47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical

meanings,

such

conjunction,

prepositions,

articles

and pronouns.

48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that

is

,those

which

refer

to

substance,

action

and

quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.

49.

open

-

class:

a

word

whose

membership

is

in

principle

infinite

or

unlimited,

such

as

nouns,

verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.

50.

blending:

a

relatively

complex

form

of

compounding, in which two words are blended by

joining

the

initial

part

of

the

first

word

and

the

final

part

of

the

second

word,

or

by

joining

the

initial parts of the two words.

51.

loanword:

a

process

in

which

both

form

and

meaning

are

borrowed

with

only

a

slight

adaptation,

in

some

cases,

to

eh

phonological

system of the new language that they enter.

52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is

native

and

part

is

borrowed,

but

the

meaning

is

fully borrowed.

53.

leanshift:

a

process

in

which

the

meaning

is

borrowed, but the form is native.

54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the

name

of

an

organization,

which

has

a

heavily

modified headword.

55.

loss:

the

disappearance

of

the

very

sound

as

a

morpheme in the phonological system.

56.

back

-

formation:

an

abnormal

type

of

word

-

formation where a shorter word is derived by

deleting

an

imagined

affix

from

a

long

form

already in the language.

57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of

the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more

specifically

called.

“contact”

or

“contiguous”

assimilation.

58.

dissimilation:

the

influence

exercised.

By

one

sound segment upon the articulation of another, so

that the sounds become less alike, or different.

59.

folk

etymology:

a

change

in

form

of

a

word

or

phrase, resulting from

an incorrect

popular nation

of

the

origin

or

meaning

of

the

term

or

from

the

influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken

to be analogous.

60.

category:

parts

of

speech

and

function,

such

as

the

classification

of

words

in

terms

of

parts

of

speech,

the

identification

of

terms

of

parts

of

speech, the identification of functions of words in

term of subject, predicate, etc.

61.

concord:

also

known

as

agreement,

is

the

requirement

that

the

forms

of

two

or more

words

in

a syntactic relationship should agree

with

each

other in terms of some categories.

62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others

in

a

sequence,

or

between

elements

which

are

all

present.

63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between

elements replaceable with each other at a particular

place

in

a

structure,

or

between

one

element

present and he others absent.

64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a

sentence

in

terms

of

its

immediate

constituents

---

wo rd

groups(or

phrases),which

are

in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of

their

own,

and

the

process

goes

on

until

the

ultimate constituents are reached.

65. endocentric construction: one construction whose

distribution

is

functionally

equivalent,

or

approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents,

which serves as the center, or head, of the whole.

Hence

an

endocentric

construction

is

also

known

as

a

headed

construction.

66.

exocentric

construction:

a

construction

whose

distribution

is

not

functionally

equivalent

to

any

to

any

of

its

constituents.

67. deep structure:

the abstract

representation

of the

syntactic

properties

of

a

construction,

i.e.

the

underlying level of structural relations between its

different constituents ,such as the relation between,

the underlying subject

and its verb, or a verb and

its object.

68. surface structure:

the final

stage in

the syntactic

derivation

of

a

construction,

which

closely

corresponds

to

the

structural

organization

of

a

construction people actually produce and receive.

69.

c

-

command:

one

of

the

similarities,

or

of

the

more

general

features,

in

these

two

government

relations,

is

technically

called

constituent

command, c

-

command for short.

70.

government

and

binding

theory:

it

is

the

fourth

period

of

development

Chomsky’s

TG

Grammar,

which

consists

of

X

-

bar

theme:

the

basis,

or

the

starting point, of the utterance.

71.

communicative

dynamism:

the

extent

to

which

the

sentence

element

contributes

to

the

development of the communication.

72.

ideational

function:

the

speaker’s

experience

of

the

real

world,

including

the

inner

world

of

his

own consciousness.

73.

interpersonal

function:

the

use

of

language

to

establish

and

maintain

social

relations:

for

the

expression

of

social

roles,

which

include

the

communication

roles

created

by

language

itself;

and also

for getting things

done, by means

of the

interaction between one person and another.

74. textual function: the use of language the provide

for

making

links

with

itself

and

with

features

of

the situation in which it is used.

75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning,

which

contains

logical,

cognitive,

or

denotative

content.

76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase

that relates it to phenomena in the real world.

77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,

meaning

the

properties

of

the

entity

a

word

denotes.

78.

reference:

the

use

of

language

to

express

a

propostion, meaning the properties of the

entity

a

word denotes.

79.

reference:

the

use

of

language

to

express

a

proposition, i.e. to talk about things in context.

80.

sense:

the

literal

meaning

of

a

word

or

an

expression, independent of situational context.

81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness