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(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》名词解释

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2021-02-10 22:19
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2021年2月10日发(作者:indicator)


LINGUISTICS A COURSE BOOK


Define the following terms:



1. design feature: are features that define our human


languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity,


displacement, cultural transmission, etc.



2.


function:


the


use


of language


to


communicate,


to


think ,etc. Language functions inclucle informative


function,


interpersonal


function,


performative


function,


interpersonal


function,


performative


function,


emotive


function,


phatic


communion,


recreational function and metalingual function.



3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates


from


American


linguist


Pike’s


distinction


of


phonetics and phonemics. Being etic mans making


far


too


many,


as


well


as


behaviously


inconsequential,


differentiations,


just


as


was


ofter


the


case


with


phonetic


vx.


phonemic


analysis


in


linguistics proper.



4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates


from


American


linguist


Pike’s


distinction


of


phonetics


and


phonemics.


An


emic


set


of


speech


acts


and


events


must


be


one


that


is


validated


as


meaningful


via


final


resource


to


the


native


members


of


a


speech


community


rather


than


via


appeal


to


the


investigator’s


ingenuity


or


intuition


alone.



5.


synchronic:


a


kind


of


description


which


takes


a


fixed


instant(usually,


but


not


necessarily,


the


present),as


its


point


of


observation.


Most


grammars are of this kind.



6. diachronic: study of a language is carried through


the course of its history.



7.


prescriptive:


the


study


of


a


language


is


carried


through the course of its history.



8.


prescriptive:


a


kind


of


linguistic


study


in


which


things


are


prescribed


how


ought


to


be,


i.e.


laying


down rules for language use.



9.


descriptive:


a


kind


of


linguistic


study


in


which


things are just described.



10.


arbitrariness:


one


design


feature


of


human


language, which refers to the face that the forms of


linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their


meaning.



11.


duality:


one


design


feature


of


human


language,


which


refers


to


the


property


of


having


two


levels


of


are


composed


of


elements


of


the


secondary.


level


and


each


of


the


two


levels


has


its


own


principles of organization.



12.


displacement:


one


design


feature


of


human


language,


which


means


human


language


enable


their


users


to


symbolize


objects,


events


and


concepts which are not present c in time and space,


at the moment of communication.



13.


phatic


communion:


one


function


of


human


language, which refers to the social interaction of


language.



14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or


terms for the analysis and description of particular


studies.



15.


macrolinguistics:


he


interacting


study


between


language


and


language


-


related


disciplines


such


as


psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law


and


artificial


intelligence


etc.


Branches


of


macrolinguistics


include


psycholinguistics,


sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc.



16.


competence:


language


user’s


underlying


knowledge about the system of rules.



17.


performance:


the


actual


use


of


language


in


concrete situation.



18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.



19.


parole:


the


actual


phenomena


or


data


of


linguistics (utterances).



20. Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of


speechsounds.



21.


Coarticulation:


a


kind


of


phonetic


process


in


which


simultaneous


or


overlapping


articulations


are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided


into


anticipatory


coarticulation


and


perseverative


coarticulation.



22. V


oicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or


a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.



23.


Broad


and


narrow


transcription:


the


use


of


a


simple


set


of


symbols


in


transcription


is


called


broad


transcription;


the


use


of


a


simple


set


of


symbols


in


transcription


is


called


broad


transcription;


while,


the


use


of


more


specific


symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to


as narrow transcription.



24.


Consonant:


are


sound


segments


produced


by


constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some


place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the


flow of air in the oral cavity.



25.


Phoneme:


the


abstract


element


of


sound,


identified


as


being


distinctive


in


a


particular


language.



26.


Allophone:


any


of


the


different


forms


of


a


phoneme(e.g. is an allophone of /t/in English.


When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated


.Both



and



are


allophones


of


the


phoneme /t/.



27.


V


owel:


are


sound


segments


produced


without


such


obstruction,


so


no


turbulence


of


a


total


stopping of the air can be perceived.



28.


Manner


of


articulation;


in


the


production


of


consonants,


manner


of


articulation


refers


to


the


actual


relationship


between


the


articulators


and


thus


the


way


in


which


the


air


passes


through


certain parts of the vocal tract.



29.


Place


of


articulation:


in


the


production


of


consonants, place of articulation refers to where in


the


vocal


tract


there


is


approximation,


narrowing,


or the obstruction of air.



30.


Distinctive


features:


a


term


of


phonology,


i.e.


a


property


which


distinguishes


one


phoneme


from


another.



31. Complementary distribution: the relation between


tow


speech


sounds


that


never


occur


in


the


same


environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are


usually in complementary distribution.



32.


IPA:


the


abbreviation


of


International


Phonetic


Alphabet,


which


is


devised


by


the


International


Phonetic


Association


in


1888


then


it


has


undergoing


a


number


of


revisions.


IPA


is


a


comprised


system


employing


symbols


of


all


sources,


such


as


Roman


small


letters,


italics


uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics,


etc.



33.


Suprasegmental:


suprasegmental


features


are


those


aspects


of


speech


that


involve


more


than


single


sound


segments.


The


principal


supra


-


segmental features are syllable, stress, tone,


and intonation.



34.


Suprasegmental:


aspects


of


speech


that


involve


more


than


single


sound


segments.


The


principle


suprasegmental


features


are


syllable,


stress,


tone,


and intonation.



35. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms


of


relationship


between


expression


and


content,


a


unit that cannot be divided into further small units


without


destroying


or


drastically


altering


the


meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.



36. compound only morphemic words which consist


wholly


of


free


morphemes,


such


as


classroom,


blackboard, snow


-


white, etc.



37.


inflection:


the


manifestation


of


grammatical


relationship


through


the


addition


of


inflectional


affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect


and


case,


which


do


not


change


the


grammatical


class of the stems to which they are attached.



38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative


that


can


be


used


only


when


added


to


another


morpheme(the root or stem).



39. derivation: different from compounds, derivation


shows the relation between roots and affixes.



40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further


be analyzed without total lass of identity.



41.


allomorph:


any


of


the


different


form


of


a


morpheme.


For


example,


in


English


the


plural


morpheme


is


but


it


is


pronounced


differently


in


different environments as /s/in cats, as /z/ in dogs


and


as/iz/


in


classes.


So


/s/,


/z/,


and


/iz/


are


all


allomorphs of the plural morpheme.



42


Stem:


any


morpheme


or


combination


of


morphemes


to


which


an


inflectional


affix


can


be


added.



43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which


is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,


e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.



44.


free


morpheme:


an


element


of


meaning


which


takes the form of an independent word.



45. lexeme: A separate unit of meaning, usually in the


form of a word(e.g. “dog in the manger”)



46.


lexicon:


a


list


of


all


the


words


in


a


language


assigned to various lexical categories and provided


with semantic interpretation.



47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical


meanings,


such


conjunction,


prepositions,


articles


and pronouns.



48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that


is


,those


which


refer


to


substance,


action


and


quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.



49.


open


-


class:


a


word


whose


membership


is


in


principle


infinite


or


unlimited,


such


as


nouns,


verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.



50.


blending:


a


relatively


complex


form


of


compounding, in which two words are blended by


joining


the


initial


part


of


the


first


word


and


the


final


part


of


the


second


word,


or


by


joining


the


initial parts of the two words.



51.


loanword:


a


process


in


which


both


form


and


meaning


are


borrowed


with


only


a


slight


adaptation,


in


some


cases,


to


eh


phonological


system of the new language that they enter.



52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is


native


and


part


is


borrowed,


but


the


meaning


is


fully borrowed.



53.


leanshift:


a


process


in


which


the


meaning


is


borrowed, but the form is native.



54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the


name


of


an


organization,


which


has


a


heavily


modified headword.



55.


loss:


the


disappearance


of


the


very


sound


as


a


morpheme in the phonological system.



56.


back


-


formation:


an


abnormal


type


of


word


-


formation where a shorter word is derived by


deleting


an


imagined


affix


from


a


long


form


already in the language.



57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of


the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more


specifically


called.


“contact”


or


“contiguous”


assimilation.



58.


dissimilation:


the


influence


exercised.


By


one


sound segment upon the articulation of another, so


that the sounds become less alike, or different.



59.


folk


etymology:


a


change


in


form


of


a


word


or


phrase, resulting from


an incorrect


popular nation


of


the


origin


or


meaning


of


the


term


or


from


the


influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken


to be analogous.



60.


category:


parts


of


speech


and


function,


such


as


the


classification


of


words


in


terms


of


parts


of


speech,


the


identification


of


terms


of


parts


of


speech, the identification of functions of words in


term of subject, predicate, etc.



61.


concord:


also


known


as


agreement,


is


the


requirement


that


the


forms


of


two


or more


words


in


a syntactic relationship should agree


with


each


other in terms of some categories.



62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others


in


a


sequence,


or


between


elements


which


are


all


present.



63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between


elements replaceable with each other at a particular


place


in


a


structure,


or


between


one


element


present and he others absent.



64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a


sentence


in


terms


of


its


immediate


constituents


---


wo rd


groups(or


phrases),which


are


in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of


their


own,


and


the


process


goes


on


until


the


ultimate constituents are reached.



65. endocentric construction: one construction whose


distribution


is


functionally


equivalent,


or


approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents,


which serves as the center, or head, of the whole.


Hence


an


endocentric


construction


is


also


known


as


a


headed


construction.


66.


exocentric


construction:


a


construction


whose


distribution


is


not


functionally


equivalent


to


any


to


any


of


its


constituents.



67. deep structure:


the abstract


representation


of the


syntactic


properties


of


a


construction,


i.e.


the


underlying level of structural relations between its


different constituents ,such as the relation between,


the underlying subject


and its verb, or a verb and


its object.



68. surface structure:


the final


stage in


the syntactic


derivation


of


a


construction,


which


closely


corresponds


to


the


structural


organization


of


a


construction people actually produce and receive.



69.


c


-


command:


one


of


the


similarities,


or


of


the


more


general


features,


in


these


two


government


relations,


is


technically


called


constituent


command, c


-


command for short.



70.


government


and


binding


theory:


it


is


the


fourth


period


of


development


Chomsky’s


TG


Grammar,


which


consists


of


X


-


bar


theme:


the


basis,


or


the


starting point, of the utterance.



71.


communicative


dynamism:


the


extent


to


which


the


sentence


element


contributes


to


the


development of the communication.



72.


ideational


function:


the


speaker’s


experience


of


the


real


world,


including


the


inner


world


of


his


own consciousness.



73.


interpersonal


function:


the


use


of


language


to


establish


and


maintain


social


relations:


for


the


expression


of


social


roles,


which


include


the


communication


roles


created


by


language


itself;


and also


for getting things


done, by means


of the


interaction between one person and another.



74. textual function: the use of language the provide


for


making


links


with


itself


and


with


features


of


the situation in which it is used.



75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning,


which


contains


logical,


cognitive,


or


denotative


content.



76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase


that relates it to phenomena in the real world.



77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,


meaning


the


properties


of


the


entity


a


word


denotes.



78.


reference:


the


use


of


language


to


express


a


propostion, meaning the properties of the


entity


a


word denotes.



79.


reference:


the


use


of


language


to


express


a


proposition, i.e. to talk about things in context.



80.


sense:


the


literal


meaning


of


a


word


or


an


expression, independent of situational context.



81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness

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